General Chinese History

Was public urination a Chinese tradition?

Tue, 21 May 2013 06:13:01 +0000

For children that is.

Hole at the bottom of pants was said to be a common Chinese fashion for children.

Construction and repair works in ancient china?

Mon, 20 May 2013 02:13:09 +0000

I know it was under Ministry of Works responsibility, but how? Were there subordinate bureaus in charge of different fields of construction (i.e. canals, government buildings, palaces, etc)? How did they get the materials, organize things, etc?

In case of disasters (fire, flood, earthquake, etc) in cities, how did they repair buildings? Did the government help repairing civilian buildings?

Were there any procedural differences between works within capital and other local cities?

Thanks

Anybody knows Teochew/Hokkien language?

Sun, 19 May 2013 07:29:19 +0000

Please help me translate this name into Teochew and Hokkien pronunciation, 蔡延飛. I want to know how to write in romanization. Thanks.

Who is Gingskhan, read this book!

Fri, 17 May 2013 19:36:00 +0000

book of Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur - "A General History of Turks; Moguls and Tatars.", i introduce to read this book, worth to read, very insightful.

i have the version of london press, published in 1842, before 160 years ago version, you can find the book, there is much more information about turk people, who is "mongol", what is "mongol" empire and who is "gingskhan"... actually in his book, the today's so called "mongol" called "mugal", not mongol.

this book is here: http://www.mediafire.com/?r4t8vml1c1316pa

i can give you if any want to read that one, the other versions most probably twisted and biased, espacially the russian version during the soviet uniton while thier "activity changing of history".

Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur is direct generation of Gingskhan. he wrote the book in the year of around 1660s. from wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur

Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur

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Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur Khan Born August 24, 1603 Birthplace Urgench, Khanate of Khiva Died 1663 Place of death Khiva Father 'Arab Muhammad Khan

Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (Uzbek: Abulgʻozi Bahodirxon aka Abulgazi, Ebulgazi, Abu-l-Ghazi, August 24, 1603 – 1663) was a khan of the Khanate of Khiva from 1643 to 1663. He spent ten years in Persia before becoming khan, and was very well educated, writing two historical works in the Khiva dialect of the Chagatai language.^[1]

He was born in Urgench, Khanate of Khiva, the son of ruler 'Arab Muhammad Khan. He fled to the Safavid court in Isfahan after a power struggle arose among him and his brothers. He lived there in exile from 1629 until 1639 studying Persian and Arabic history. In 1644 or 1645 he acceded to the throne, a position he would hold for twenty years. He died in Khiva in 1663.

Abu al-Ghazi is known as the author of two historical works: "Genealogy of the Turkmen" Shajare-i Tarakime finished in 1661 and "Genealogy of the Türks" Shajare-i Türk finished in 1665. These are important sources for modern knowledge of Central Asian history.^[2]

The Shajare-i Türk history of the Türkic people was Abu al-Ghazi opus magnum, its title was variously translated as "Genealogy of the Türks" and "Genealogy of the Tatars", the "Shajare" being Türkic for "genealogy". According to Abu al-Ghazi, in Shajare-i Türk he used the work of Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi, and other writers, totaling 18 historical sources, and corrected them in accordance with Turkic oral traditions which he was taught as a Prince.^[3] A manuscript of the Shajare-i Türk was purchsed in Tobolsk from a Bukhara merchant by Swedish officers detained in Russian captivity in Siberia; using the local literate Tatars, the Swedish officers first translated the book into Russian, and then they retranslated it into various other languages. The French translation of the Shajare-i Türk was first published in Leiden in 1726, the French translation served as an original for a Russian translation published in 1768-1774, in 1780 it was published separately in German and English, and during the 18th century was widely read in Europe.

In the 19th and 20th centuries were published numerous critical translations of the Shajare-i Türk, which serve as historical sources for modern scholars. The first critical translation, performed by professional scholars, was published in Kazan in 1825. The Turkish translation of the text published in Kazan was done by philologist Vefik Ahmed Pasha and initially published in 1864. The most influential Western publication was Historie des Mogols et des Tatares par Aboul-Ghazi Behadour Khan, publiee, traduite et annotee par le baron Desmaisons, St.-Petersbourg 1871-1874.^[4]

N.Ya. Bichurin was the first to notice that the biography of the epic ancestor of the Türkic people Oguz-Kagan of Abu al-Ghazi and the Türko-Persian manuscripts (Rashid al-Din, Hondemir, Abulgazi) has a striking similarity with the Maodun biography in the Chinese sources (feud between father and son and murder of the latter, the direction and sequence of conquests, etc.). That observation, confirmed by other scholars, associated in the scientific literature the name of Maodun with the epic personality of the Oguz-Kagan.^[5] The similarity is even more remarkable because at the time of the writing, no Chinese annals were translated into either oriental or western languages, and Abu al-Ghazi could not have known about Eastern Huns or Maodun.

The literary significance of Shajare-i Türk is that Abu al-Ghazi openly spoke against Chaghatay literary language because it carried a strong Persian influence. Abu al-Ghazi language is easy, simple folk language of the Khiva Uzbeks and is quite different from the Chaghatay literary language. The style of Abu al-Ghazi, despite a scientific nature of his compositions, is distinguished by clarity and richness of vocabulary, and is interspersed with the falk Uzbek expressions and proverbs.^[6]

Abu al-Ghazi son Abu al-Muzaffar Anusha Muhammad Bahadur reassigned to complete the work of his father Shajare-i Türk to a certain Mahmud bin Mulla Muhammad Zaman Urgench, it was finalized in 1665. The work lists Türkic genealogy starting from the biblical Adam and primogenitor of the Türks Oguz-Khan, and provides legendary details on their descendents including Chengiz Khan and Shaybanid dynasty, providing a good picture of Mongol and Turkic historical understanding of the time.

Kazakh people's DNA and genetics cultivation

Thu, 16 May 2013 19:49:23 +0000

the cultivation of genetics and DNA of Kazakhs.

First, i want to give Hello to all of you, i am Kazakh guy from ili Kazakh autonomous prefecture of xinjiang Uighur autonomous region of china.
but now in European, came here to study of my master.

and i want to discuss something with all of you or who some knows.

the whole Kazakh people has a kind of national tradition that the Kazakhs boy and girls never have marriage within 7 generation, in order to marry the Kazakh guy and Kazakh girl should not have blood relatives within 7 generation(the most hot love also ignored, just burn it ), in both mother and father side, too, its mean the blood of their ancestors must not "meet" below 7 generations, so every Kazakh(girl and boy) knows the names of seven ancestors and their blood relationships, among Kazakhs there is saying:"he/she is alone, if he/she do not know the names of her/his seven ancestors.", and it is so shame things for Kazakhs if he/she do not know the names of her/his ancestors, and it is obligatory rules for all Kazakh parents to teach their children to know the names of her/his ancestors, by that way all Kazakhs know their not only seven ancestors even knows 20--30, even more 70 maybe, can spoke out till their root ancestors such as naiman, jalaiyr, argyn, kerey, tore, adai, dulat, kongirat, kyan-kuyan, koypchak, khoja, gingskhan tribes etc many many tribe, almost big 45 tribes in kazakhs.
so among Kazakhs it is forbidden to have marriage within seven generations, if someone do the Kazakhs law will force them to break up their marriage, not allowed, even they do not obey will kill them by the constitution of Kazakhs khan-kings, and this rule written in the constitution Kazakh khans-kings since 1400(till now 600 years old rule, it may be exist before that years, but become rule after 1400), but such breaking of law almost never happens, if someone want do such marriage Kazakhs consider them as "degraded type of person" and consider it as so shame thing, and they will ask how you marriage your relative(if under 7 generations)? The Kazakhs tribes regarded as most close blood relative people if they are under 7 generations, but Kazakhs usually marriage above 10 generations, all tribes of Kazakh perform this rule till now and will continue to bring that to the future.

why Kazakh do not allow the marriage within 7 generations?
answer: it is shame thing for Kazakhs in the aspect of morality and humanity, but other than this that all the tribes of Kazakh considered that produced child will be ill, unhealthy and non-wisdom person if they have marriage under 7 generations.

and when i was young i also asked this from my parents and from other old mans of our kazakh village, and they said that he/she is your close blood relative if they are under 7 generations, how can you marry with your relatives, it is sin thing, and the child from such marriage will not be good men and will be unhealthy, non-wisdom person. the same every where among kazakhs around the world, in kazakhstan, kazakhs in china, kazakhs in russian, kazakhs in uzbekstan, kazakhs in mongolia, kazakhs in turkey, kazakhs in afganistan, in tajikstan, turkmenstan, kazakhs in iran, in European etc.

it is generally said among Kazakhs that if you marry above 7 generation saying that your child be wise, strong and heroic person, and said your child will be bestowed with good warm hearts, harmony as the steppe of Kazakh, generous, and good speech-er who can spoke out poet etc.

and i can tell my same experience i have among Kazakhs in person, for example, in our kazakh village young a kazakh guy and a kazakh girl loved each other so much, then they want to have marriage, but their ancestors meet at 5, so they within 5 generations, not 7, they also know that, the old-Kazakhs in our village said you two can not marriage because their point not reaching to "7", so they forced them broke their relationship, not to have marriage.

and such tradition exist only in Kazakhs among the Turkic people, i did not know any nation has such cultivating custom except Kazakh, may be others know, inform me if you know.

and now i felt that this custom of Kazakhs has big scientific base and most favored thing from the corner of science. may be have more unrevealed facts hidden on the behind of such traditions of Kazakh people.

so by that tradition Kazakhs cultivated themselves more than 600 years by not having marriage within 7 generations, there is already prepared samples of human beings from a interesting point...

and such tradition will affect the genetics and DNA of an nation (Kazakh people)? or may be there are some difference or hidden facts around that tradition? may be this tradition is interesting for DNA or genetic researchers from some point.

what kind of benefits such tradition gives us from the point of the science of the DNA, genetics? thanks.

anyone can ask me the related questions if you want.

plz, post any comment if you know any beneficial parts of this tradition from the point of DNA-genetics.

No mongolized people type.

Mon, 13 May 2013 22:12:22 +0000

, there is no mongolid, only have turkized, manjurized, chineseied etc, magul is not ethnic name in the past, just name of emprie, it is called mogul, manguel in past, not mongol, and the modern mongol are handmade nation by russian just before 100 years ago, for thier political benifit.
And this modern mongols are just united tribes of some manjur, tungis related tribes, not turks. They are actvally manurs , buryads.

Gingskhans tribe magul, kyat tribe is just one small tribe of old turk people just as naiman, kereiyt, jalair, all of turk tribe exist in kazakh about 45 big tribe.

And many false and distored falsized histories made by russians specially during the soviet union, by stalin, and they distrroied every document about turks, espacially the strong one about kazakhs.

Kazakhs are turk include gingskhan and thir kyat, magul tribe,
The modern mongol and buryads are manjur tungus related people.
There is no mongol type people actvally, just turk , chinese, tungis, manurid, slavac arab , eu etc... Many of you do not using mind, just following by russian false history and some russian assisted model of modern false chinese history.

Ancient chinese population migration revealed by ALDH2 gene mutation

Wed, 08 May 2013 08:21:19 +0000

I think this is interesting, it is a map showing the spread of ALDH2 gene mutation. ALDH2 gene mutation is a mutation that causes a person to unable to properly digest alcohol. You can tell you have this genetic mutation if your face turn red after drinking a cup of alcohol. The following map shows the distribution of ALDH2 genetic mutation throughout asia. According to the study, this genetic mutation originated around shandong, and then spread outward throughtout asia, even into central asia and iran. The area with high frequency of this genetic mutation is in shandong, shanghai, southern china and central japan. In southern china, Hakka and Minnam populations have the highest frequency of this genetic mutation.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846302/

"Plush" toys or Stuffed animals in Chinese history

Mon, 06 May 2013 01:12:29 +0000

What did the generals or leaders of Chinese history or even emperors or dictators or officers give to their children when they were young? Like toys and stuff.

Famous Chinese homosexuals and bisexuals males leaders / generals

Sun, 05 May 2013 03:29:12 +0000

Can somebody list a group of Homosexual/Bisexual male leaders / generals? Please and thanks.

From all eras. plz

China's Allies

Thu, 02 May 2013 21:20:42 +0000

Who are China's allies?

Formal and informal.

Thanks