31 replies to this topic

[manjuniyalma]

Can anyone tell me how the seven days in a week are expressed in the Mongolian language? i.e. what are the Mongolian words for Sunday, Monday, Tuesday......
Also pls tell me the meaning of those words. I understand that in Janpanese, the seven days are represented by seven stars, is it the case in Mongolian?
Thank you in advance for any response.

[Moonstone]

Also pls tell me the meaning of those words. I understand that in Janpanese, the seven days are represented by seven stars, is it the case in Mongolian?
Thank you in advance for any response.

The names of the seven days of the week in Japanese do not reflect the names of "stars," but rather the names of the first five planets of our solar system (the ones that were visible to people prior to the invention of the telescope) in addition to the Sun and Earth's moon.

日曜日 nichiyōbi ("sun-luminary-day") = Sunday
月曜日 getsuyōbi ("moon-luminary-day") = Monday
火曜日 kayōbi ("fire-luminary-day" = "Mars day") = Tuesday
水曜日 suiyōbi ("water-luminary-day" = "Mercury day") = Wednesday
木曜日 mokuyōbi ("wood-luminary-day" = "Jupiter day") = Thursday
金曜日 kin'yōbi ("metal-luminary-day" = "Venus day") = Friday
土曜日 doyōbi ("earth-luminary-day" = "Saturn day") = Saturday

This same system was used in ancient China at least as early as the Tang Dynasty. It is also used in modern Korea and some other Asian countries. As you have probably noticed, the associations of the days with the various heavenly bodies of our solar system are identical with the associations made in Western languages; this system seems to have been transmitted to ancient East Asian nations via the Indo-Aryans. The ancient Chinese version of this astronomical system for naming the days of the week was transmitted to Japan and preserved there; however, modern Chinese names for the days of the week are simply numbered, except for Sunday (Sunday is "Heaven day" in modern Chinese; Monday is "day one," Tuesday is "day two," and so on).

Edited by Moonstone, 05 December 2008 - 12:25 AM.

[manjuniyalma]

The names of the seven days of the week in Japanese do not reflect the names of "stars," but rather the names of the first five planets of our solar system (the ones that were visible to people prior to the invention of the telescope) in addition to the Sun and Earth's moon.

日曜日 nichiyōbi ("sun-luminary-day") = Sunday
月曜日 getsuyōbi ("moon-luminary-day") = Monday
火曜日 kayōbi ("fire-luminary-day" = "Mars day") = Tuesday
水曜日 suiyōbi ("water-luminary-day" = "Mercury day") = Wednesday
木曜日 mokuyōbi ("wood-luminary-day" = "Jupiter day") = Thursday
金曜日 kin'yōbi ("metal-luminary-day" = "Venus day") = Friday
土曜日 doyōbi ("earth-luminary-day" = "Saturn day") = Saturday

This same system was used in ancient China at least as early as the Tang Dynasty. It is also used in modern Korea and some other Asian countries. As you have probably noticed, the associations of the days with the various heavenly bodies of our solar system are identical with the associations made in Western languages; this system seems to have been transmitted to ancient East Asian nations via the Indo-Aryans. The ancient Chinese version of this astronomical system for naming the days of the week was transmitted to Japan and preserved there; however, modern Chinese names for the days of the week are simply numbered, except for Sunday (Sunday is "Heaven day" in modern Chinese; Monday is "day one," Tuesday is "day two," and so on).

Thank you so much for the clarification and explanation, Moonstone.

[Zorigo]

MANUAL OF MONGOLIAN ASTROLOGY AND DIVINATION
(Scripta Mongolica)
by Mostaert, Anoine


No__Mongolian______________________Latin_____English_____Tibetan_____________San
skrit


1.__ Naran eder* (Sun):-------------------Soleil------Sunday-------Nyam (Nim-a)------- Adiya
2.__ Saran eder (Moon):--------------------Lune-------Monday------Davaa-------------------Sumiya
3.__ Gal eder (Fire) :------------------------Mars-------Tuesday------Myagmar (Mig-mar)---Angarag
4.__ Usun eder (Water):---------------------Mercure---Wednesday--Lhagva------------------Bud
5.__ Modun eder (Wooden):-----------------Jupiter----Thursday-----Purev (Pur-bu)--------Barhasbadi
6.__ Altan eder(Gold- probably Metal) :----Venus-----Friday--------Baasan (Pa-san)-------Sugar
7.__ Shoroon eder(Dust-probably Earth):--Saturn----Saturday-----Byamba (Bimba)-------Sanchir

*-Word "eder" means "day"

In Mongolia, The Tibetan names of the seven days of the week are used officially. Unofficially , Mongolians use frequently Sanskrit version or Mongolian version.

Personally , If I were head of the state, I would definitely push for Mongolian version for official usage.


PS- I am curious about what is weekdays name in India and Tibet?

Edited by Zorigo, 05 December 2008 - 07:58 AM.

[Moonstone]

6.__ Altan eder(Gold- probably Metal) :----Venus-----Friday--------Baasan (Pa-san)-------Sugar

Actually, the Chinese character 金 (as in Japanese 金曜日 kin'yōbi "Friday") has both a specific usage and a generic usage. When used specifically, it means "gold," but when used generically, it means "metal." The Mongolian version with altan ("gold") is a perfect match for the ancient Chinese version with 金 (gold; metal).

[manjuniyalma]

MANUAL OF MONGOLIAN ASTROLOGY AND DIVINATION
(Scripta Mongolica)
by Mostaert, Anoine


No__Mongolian______________________Latin_____English_____Tibetan_____________San
skrit


1.__ Naran eder* (Sun):-------------------Soleil------Sunday-------Nyam (Nim-a)------- Adiya
2.__ Saran eder (Moon):--------------------Lune-------Monday------Davaa-------------------Sumiya
3.__ Gal eder (Fire) :------------------------Mars-------Tuesday------Myagmar (Mig-mar)---Angarag
4.__ Usun eder (Water):---------------------Mercure---Wednesday--Lhagva------------------Bud
5.__ Modun eder (Wooden):-----------------Jupiter----Thursday-----Purev (Pur-bu)--------Barhasbadi
6.__ Altan eder(Gold- probably Metal) :----Venus-----Friday--------Baasan (Pa-san)-------Sugar
7.__ Shoroon eder(Dust-probably Earth):--Saturn----Saturday-----Byamba (Bimba)-------Sanchir

*-Word "eder" means "day"

In Mongolia, The Tibetan names of the seven days of the week are used officially. Unofficially , Mongolians use frequently Sanskrit version or Mongolian version.

Personally , If I were head of the state, I would definitely push for Mongolian version for official usage.


PS- I am curious about what is weekdays name in India and Tibet?

Thank you so much, Zorigo!

[Yun]

This same system was used in ancient China at least as early as the Tang Dynasty. It is also used in modern Korea and some other Asian countries. As you have probably noticed, the associations of the days with the various heavenly bodies of our solar system are identical with the associations made in Western languages; this system seems to have been transmitted to ancient East Asian nations via the Indo-Aryans.

Actually, the transmission to East Asia was probably much later than the Indo-Aryans. The seven-day week was most likely introduced to the Tang Empire from Central Asia by the Sogdians; the French sinologists Paul Pelliot and Edouard Chavannes further suggested that the Sogdian transmitters of the seven-day week were Manichaeans. This can be seen from the earliest known Chinese list of the seven days of the week, which is in the Indian-Sogdian monk Amoghavajra's translation of a Buddhist sutra into the Chinese script (on Amoghavajra see http://en.wikipedia....iki/Amoghavajra ), dated 759. The days of the week are all Chinese transliterations of Sogdian words:
密或蜜 — Mir（日曜日, Sunday）
莫 — Maq（月曜日, Monday）
云汉 — Wnqan（火曜日, Tuesday）
咥 — Tir（水曜日, Wednesday）
温没斯 — Wrmzt（木曜日, Thursday）
那颉 — Naqit（金曜日, Friday）
鸡缓 — Kewan（土曜日, Saturday）

See http://huayuqiao.org...eqing/hhq16.htm

The Tang Chinese then indigenized the Sogdian seven-day week by replacing the names of the five planets with the Chinese names for these planets, which were based on the Five Phases (fire, water, wood, metal, and earth). This terminology then spread from the Tang Empire to Japan and Korea. However, in China, Korea, and Japan, the concept of the seven-day week was used only in astrology and not for everyday life until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when the Chinese and Japanese governments decided to adopt the Western calendar. The Japanese chose to retain the traditional 'sun, moon, and five planets' system of naming the days (and the Koreans, who were then under Japanese rule, did the same), while the Chinese chose a new and simpler system of numbering the days from Monday to Saturday as 1 to 6, while naming Sunday as 'sun' or 'heaven'. The Chinese also changed the terminology from X曜日 'X-luminary day' to 星期X 'planet-period X'.

See also:
http://www.ac.wwu.ed...onomy/7day.html
http://zh.wikipedia....org/wiki/星期
http://en.wikipedia....ays_of_the_week
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Week

[Moonstone]

Actually, the transmission to East Asia was probably much later than the Indo-Aryans. The seven-day week was most likely introduced to the Tang Empire from Central Asia by the Sogdians; the French sinologists Paul Pelliot and Edouard Chavannes further suggested that the Sogdian transmitters of the seven-day week were Manichaeans. This can be seen from the earliest known Chinese list of the seven days of the week, which is in the Indian-Sogdian monk Amoghavajra's translation of a Buddhist sutra into the Chinese script (on Amoghavajra see http://en.wikipedia....iki/Amoghavajra ), dated 759. The days of the week are all Chinese transliterations of Sogdian words:
密或蜜 — Mir（日曜日, Sunday）
莫 — Maq（月曜日, Monday）
云汉 — Wnqan（火曜日, Tuesday）
咥 — Tir（水曜日, Wednesday）
温没斯 — Wrmzt（木曜日, Thursday）
那颉 — Naqit（金曜日, Friday）
鸡缓 — Kewan（土曜日, Saturday）

The point is that the system as used by the Mongolians and the Tibetans is an exact copy of the Indian system. Even the Sanskrit words themselves have been used in Mongolia and Tibet. The Sogdians may have used an analogous system for naming the days of the week, and the Sogdian words may have even been recorded in Chinese characters by some immigrant monk in China, but the fact is that the East Asian groups that have borrowed the actual words for the names of the days of the week rather than just the naming scheme (i.e. the ordering and the particular associations with the sun, moon, and first five planets) have borrowed the Indian (Indo-Aryan) words for them, not the (extinct Northeastern Iranic) Sogdian words. In other words, the ancient Chinese (and, by derivation, the Japanese and Korean) names for the days of the week are calques (of Sanskrit or whatever; it is impossible to determine which ancient Western language the calques were based on, because they all shared the same naming scheme) rather than loanwords; the East Asian populations that have used actual loanwords from a Western language for the names of the days of the week have used Indian words.

And what the heck do you mean by "much later than the Indo-Aryans"? Don't you realize that Indo-Aryans still exist? They comprise about 80% of the modern population of India.

Edited by Moonstone, 05 December 2008 - 10:46 PM.

[manjuniyalma]

Actually, the transmission to East Asia was probably much later than the Indo-Aryans. The seven-day week was most likely introduced to the Tang Empire from Central Asia by the Sogdians; the French sinologists Paul Pelliot and Edouard Chavannes further suggested that the Sogdian transmitters of the seven-day week were Manichaeans. This can be seen from the earliest known Chinese list of the seven days of the week, which is in the Indian-Sogdian monk Amoghavajra's translation of a Buddhist sutra into the Chinese script (on Amoghavajra see http://en.wikipedia....iki/Amoghavajra ), dated 759. The days of the week are all Chinese transliterations of Sogdian words:
密或蜜 — Mir（日曜日, Sunday）
莫 — Maq（月曜日, Monday）
云汉 — Wnqan（火曜日, Tuesday）
咥 — Tir（水曜日, Wednesday）
温没斯 — Wrmzt（木曜日, Thursday）
那颉 — Naqit（金曜日, Friday）
鸡缓 — Kewan（土曜日, Saturday）

See http://huayuqiao.org...eqing/hhq16.htm

The Tang Chinese then indigenized the Sogdian seven-day week by replacing the names of the five planets with the Chinese names for these planets, which were based on the Five Phases (fire, water, wood, metal, and earth). This terminology then spread from the Tang Empire to Japan and Korea. However, in China, Korea, and Japan, the concept of the seven-day week was used only in astrology and not for everyday life until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when the Chinese and Japanese governments decided to adopt the Western calendar. The Japanese chose to retain the traditional 'sun, moon, and five planets' system of naming the days (and the Koreans, who were then under Japanese rule, did the same), while the Chinese chose a new and simpler system of numbering the days from Monday to Saturday as 1 to 6, while naming Sunday as 'sun' or 'heaven'. The Chinese also changed the terminology from X曜日 'X-luminary day' to 星期X 'planet-period X'.

See also:
http://www.ac.wwu.ed...onomy/7day.html
http://zh.wikipedia....org/wiki/星期
http://en.wikipedia....ays_of_the_week
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Week

Thank you for posting the extra information, Yun!!

[Yun]

MANUAL OF MONGOLIAN ASTROLOGY AND DIVINATION
(Scripta Mongolica)
by Mostaert, Anoine


No__Mongolian______________________Latin_____English_____Tibetan_____________San
skrit


1.__ Naran eder* (Sun):-------------------Soleil------Sunday-------Nyam (Nim-a)------- Adiya
2.__ Saran eder (Moon):--------------------Lune-------Monday------Davaa-------------------Sumiya
3.__ Gal eder (Fire) :------------------------Mars-------Tuesday------Myagmar (Mig-mar)---Angarag
4.__ Usun eder (Water):---------------------Mercure---Wednesday--Lhagva------------------Bud
5.__ Modun eder (Wooden):-----------------Jupiter----Thursday-----Purev (Pur-bu)--------Barhasbadi
6.__ Altan eder(Gold- probably Metal) :----Venus-----Friday--------Baasan (Pa-san)-------Sugar
7.__ Shoroon eder(Dust-probably Earth):--Saturn----Saturday-----Byamba (Bimba)-------Sanchir

*-Word "eder" means "day"

The Wiki article http://en.wikipedia....ays_of_the_week gives three Mongolian systems for naming the days of the week, two of which are the 'Tibetan' and 'Sanskrit' systems in Mostaert's table above. Apparently the Mongols have a yin (arga) system and a yang (bilig) system for naming the days:

Mongolian (arga)
nyam (planet Sun)
davaa (planet Moon)
myagmar (planet Mars)
lkhagva (planet Mercury)
pürev (planet Jupiter)
baasan(planet Venus)
byamba (planet Saturn)

Mongolian (bilig)
adiya (planet Sun)
sumiya (planet Moon)
angarag (planet Mars)
bud (planet Mercury)
barhasbadi (planet Jupiter)
sugar (planet Venus)
sanchir (planet Saturn)

So Mostaert's 'Tibetan' system is the Mongolian arga system, and his 'Sanskrit' system is the Mongolian bilig system. Wikipedia also gives a third system that is mostly based on numbers:

Mongolian (numerical)
neg deh odor (first day - Monday)
hoyor dahi odor (second day - Tuesday)
gurav dahi odor (third day - Wednesday)
dorov deh odor (fourth day - Thursday)
tav dahi odor (fifth day - Friday)
hagas sain odor (half weekend - Saturday)
buten sain odor (full weekend - Sunday)

As for the Tibetan days of the week, they are:
gza' nyi ma (Sun's day)
gza' zla ba (Moon's day)
gza' mig mar (Fire planet day) (Mars)
gza' lhag pa (Water planet day) (Mercury)
gza' phur bu (Wood planet day) (Jupiter)
gza' pa sangs (Metal planet day) (Venus)
gza' spen pa (Earth planet day) (Saturn)

You can see a clear similarity between the Tibetan names and the names in the Mongolian arga system.

Strangely, Wikipedia does not include the system that Mostaert's table refers to as 'Mongolian'.

Reference: http://en.wikipedia....uistic_overview

[Yun]

And what the heck do you mean by "much later than the Indo-Aryans"? Don't you realize that Indo-Aryans still exist? They comprise about 80% of the modern population of India.

Sorry, I thought you meant the Indo-Aryan migration.

The Sogdians may have used an analogous system for naming the days of the week, and the Sogdian words may have even been recorded in Chinese characters by some immigrant monk in China, but the fact is that the East Asian groups that have borrowed the actual words for the names of the days of the week rather than just the naming scheme (i.e. the ordering and the particular associations with the sun, moon, and first five planets) have borrowed the Indian (Indo-Aryan) words for them, not the (extinct Northeastern Iranic) Sogdian words.

The sequence of the planets is Indian, but the naming of these planets according to the Five Phases is Chinese. So we have a curious hybrid in which the Five Phases are used to name planets, but the sequence of these Phases is not the standard one used in Tang astrology (which is a cycle of Wood-Earth-Water-Fire-Metal-Wood...).

I am not sure what you mean by "actual words for the names". No East Asian language ever borrowed names for the first five planets from an Indo-Aryan language, even as calques. Instead, they all came to name the planets after the Chinese Five Phases system. Besides, it may well be that the Sogdian names follow the same sequence of sun, moon, and five planets as the Indo-Aryan names. Unfortunately I do not know Sogdian and do not have access to the studies by Pelliot and Chavannes.

[Yun]

http://en.wikipedia.....93_the_planets

The article above explains the meanings of the Sanskrit names for the planets. It will be readily apparent that they have nothing to do with Chinese Five Phases cosmology. So only the sequence of the sun, moon, and planets, and the concept of the seven-day week itself, are foreign to East Asia. There are no calques of Sanskrit where the names of the five 'planet' days are concerned.

[Moonstone]

http://en.wikipedia.....93_the_planets

The article above explains the meanings of the Sanskrit names for the planets. It will be readily apparent that they have nothing to do with Chinese Five Phases cosmology. So only the sequence of the sun, moon, and planets, and the concept of the seven-day week itself, are foreign to East Asia. There are no calques of Sanskrit where the names of the five 'planet' days are concerned.

The old Chinese names (and thus the Japanese and Korean names) for the days of the week are obviously calques of the Western names.

Sun day > 日曜　日
Moon day > 月曜　日
Tiw's day > 火曜　日 (Tiw = Old English god of war = Mars (Roman god of war) = fourth planet from the Sun)
Wōden's day > 水曜　日 (Wōden = Old English equivalent of Roman "Mercury" = first planet from the Sun)
Thunor's day > 木曜　日 (Thunor = Old English equivalent of Roman "Jupiter" = fifth planet from the Sun)
Frige's day > 金曜　日 (Frige = Old English equivalent of Roman "Venus" = second planet from the Sun)
Saturn's day > 土曜　日 (Saturn = sixth planet from the Sun)

If you don't understand this, I don't know how to explain it to you. It is just too obvious. They are just the names of the Sun, Moon, and then the five planets that are visible from Earth without the aid of a telescope (Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn).

Maybe it would help you to substitute the more modern Chinese 星 for the sort of stilted 曜:

日 （= 太陽）
月　（＝月亮）
火星
水星
木星
金星
土星

The Sanskrit names for these heavenly bodies have been used in exactly the same fashion to refer to the days of the week in Mongolia, Tibet, and Southeast Asia. The Chinese(>Japanese>Korean) system might have been calqued from the Sogdian Manichaean system (which, by the way, is identical; for example, Mir = "Mithra's (day)" = Sunday, since Mithra was worshipped as a god of the Sun and light), but the Indian naming system is also identical, and the Indian names have been used historically or are currently being used by a much greater number of peoples in greater East Asia (Mongols, Tibetans, Thais, Malays, Burmese, etc.). In contrast, there does not seem to be any Eastern nation that has borrowed the Sogdian names for the days of the week.

Edited by Moonstone, 06 December 2008 - 12:38 AM.

[Yun]

Tiw's day > 火曜　日 (Tiw = Old English god of war = Mars (Roman god of war) = fourth planet from the Sun)
Wōden's day > 水曜　日 (Wōden = Old English equivalent of Roman "Mercury" = first planet from the Sun)
Thunor's day > 木曜　日 (Thunor = Old English equivalent of Roman "Jupiter" = fifth planet from the Sun) (cf. Iovis Dies "Day of Jove" = Thursday in Latin)
Frige's day > 金曜　日 (Frige = Old English equivalent of Roman "Venus" = second planet from the Sun)
Saturn's day > 土曜　日 (Saturn = sixth planet from the Sun)

If you don't understand this, I don't know how to explain it to you. It is just too obvious.

Moonstone, I'm afraid you're the one who doesn't understand my point.

Mars is associated with fire in ancient Chinese astronomy, but because of its color, not because of any influence from India or the West. As for the other four planets, there is no connection in Indian astrology between Mercury and water, or Jupiter and wood, or Venus and metal, or Saturn and earth. The planetary sequence of Mars-Mercury-Jupiter-Venus-Saturn is borrowed from the Indo-European seven-day week, but the naming of these planets using the Five Phases is a purely Chinese thing, because the Five Phases system is uniquely Chinese. So the fact that the Tibetans, Koreans, Japanese, and Vietnamese all named the planets after the Five Phases reflects Chinese influence, while the fact that they have the concept of a seven-day week with the days named after the sun, moon, and five planets reflects Indo-European influence. Both influences are present - it is neither all Chinese nor all Indian.

Back to the Mongolian names for the days of the week. As I explained in post#10, the Mongolian arga system is based on the Tibetan names for the days of the week (which are themselves based on the Chinese names, as seen from the presence of the Five Phases). I would add here that the Mongolian bilig system is mostly based on the Sanskrit names for the planets and/or days of the week.

The Sanskrit names are:
Surya or Ravi - the sun; Ravi-vara - Sunday
Chandra or Soma - the moon; Soma-vara - Monday
Mangala - Mars; Mangala-vara - Tuesday
Budha - Mercury; Budha-vara - Wednesday
Brihaspati or Guru - Jupiter; Guru-vara - Thursday
Shukra - Venus; Shukra-vara - Friday
Shani - Saturn; Shani-vara - Saturday
(see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graha and http://www.sanskrit....duCalendar.html )

The Mongolian bilig names are:
adiya (Sun) - based on the Adityas, a group of celestial gods of whom Surya is one: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adityas
sumiya (Moon) - based on Soma
angarag (planet Mars) - based on Mangala
bud (planet Mercury) - based on Budha
barhasbadi (planet Jupiter) - based on Brihaspati
sugar (planet Venus) - based on Shukra
sanchir (planet Saturn) - based on Shani

So the Mongolians have one system that is Tibetan-influenced (and ultimately Chinese-influenced because of the Five Phases cosmology), and one system that is Indian-influenced via Sanskrit.

[Yun]

In contrast, there does not seem to be any Eastern nation that has borrowed the Sogdian names for the days of the week.

I did not say that there was. But the number of East Asian languages that have borrowed or adapted the Sanskrit names is not large either. I have already mentioned the Mongolian bilig system; the Tibetan names are not based on Sanskrit words at all, nor are they calques of Sanskrit, rather they are calques of Chinese. As I mentioned before, the Tibetan names have the Five Phases, and the Sanskrit names do not.

The Thai names for days of the week are indeed Sanskrit-derived:

Monday wun jun - based on Chandra
Tuesday wun ung-kan - based on Mangala
Wednesday wun poot - based on Budha
Thursday wun pa-rue-hut-sa-bor-dee - based on Brihaspati
Friday wun sook - based on Shukra
Saturday wun sao - based on Shani
Sunday wun ar-tit - based on the Adityas

( http://www.learningthai.com/days.html )

Five out of seven of the Burmese days of the week are based on Sanskrit:

In the Sino-Tibetan language of Burmese, the days of the week, except for Sunday and Monday, named after the planets, are Sanskrit loan words. In order starting from Sunday, they are: Taninganway (Sino-Tibetan), Taninla (Sino-Tibetan), Inga (from Sanskrit 'Angara', "Mars"), Boddhahu (from Sanksrit 'Budha' "Mercury"), Kyathabaday (from Sanskrit "Vakyasapati"/"Bavahasapati"), Thaukkya (from Sanskrit 'Shukra' and combined with Pali 'Sukka') and Sanay (from Sanskrit "Shani").

( http://en.wikipedia....Indic_languages )

Note that Angara=Mangala and Vakyasapati/Bavahasapati=Brihaspati

So it looks like besides Mongolian bilig, the other East or Southeast Asian languages that borrowed actual Sanskrit words to name the days of the week were Thai and Burmese. This is not surprising since the Thais and Burmese have been heavily influenced, in their early history, by Indian (both Hindu and Buddhist) religion and culture transmitted by Indian traders and monks. You mentioned that Malays also used the Sanskrit names; if so, this must be an older form of Malay, since the current Malay names for the days of the week are mostly numerical and not Sanskrit-derived.