50 replies to this topic

[jamielmedgar]

Ok I've been trying to work this out for ages.

I know China became Communist because Mao and the CCP won (if you can call it that!) the Civil War in 1949, but why did he win?

What are the main reasons for the rise of Communism, why did the majority of China buy into it? Was it more external events (i.e. Russia, War of Resistance) or internal (failure of KMT, need for radical change, appeal of Communism etc).

Any help is much appreciated!

[mrclub]

According to my grandmother:
1) KMT is so corrupted--they ate up people's money
2) Under KMT, there is like no law in China
3) Communist forces used guerrilla warfare against KMT forces
4) People are unhappy with KMT

Besides, when KMT retreated southwards and to Taiwan, they simply grab males and recruit them into their army, causing broken families, especially in Fujian Province, Guangdong Province, Chaoshan Region.

Many in the end retreated to Taiwan and some never get to see their families again.

[General_Zhaoyun]

Ok I've been trying to work this out for ages.

I know China became Communist because Mao and the CCP won (if you can call it that!) the Civil War in 1949, but why did he win?

What are the main reasons for the rise of Communism, why did the majority of China buy into it? Was it more external events (i.e. Russia, War of Resistance) or internal (failure of KMT, need for radical change, appeal of Communism etc).

Any help is much appreciated!

That main reasons why Chinese communist won and manage to seize power are:

1. Japanese invasion of China - KMT had no choice but to give up fighting against Chinese communists. If Japanese did not invade China, KMT could concentrate its effort on annihilating Chinese communist. In 1936, KMT almost could annihilate Chinese communists, but Chiang Kai Shek was kidnapped during the 1936 Xi'an incidence, and was forced to fight against the Japanese instead of against the Chinese communists. Most of the fighting during the 8 years of War against Japanese was done by KMT. This gave the Chinese communists plenty of time to recuperate and to gain strength

2. Internal Social and Economic Problems - After WWII, there was rampant inflation and economic difficulties in China. Corruption within KMT was rampant. This caused more people to switch to support Chinese communist

3. Mao's Unique Military Strategy and Victory - Mao's guerrilla tactics, peasant army's mobile warfare, people's warfare all served to have clear decisive military advantage over KMT, despite it being less well-equipped during the Chinese civil war. The battle of Liaoshen, Huaihai, and Pinjing are all major decisive battles of victories of CCP against KMT. From then on, KMT generally loses control of mainland China.

[mrclub]

As far as I know, KMT soldiers if caught by Communist forces, they won't be killed but instead, sent back to their hometown.
If Communist soldiers are caught by KMT forces, only death awaits for those Communist soldiers.

Any idea on this area ?

[ahxiang]

As far as I know, KMT soldiers if caught by Communist forces, they won't be killed but instead, sent back to their hometown.
If Communist soldiers are caught by KMT forces, only death awaits for those Communist soldiers.

Any idea on this area ?

That is a total falsehood. The Red Army, the 8th Route Army and the PLA had a tradition of killing officers of government troops. Many division commanders and brigade commanders of government troops disappeared under the communist custody, and those generals were first used as chips for ransom money, then used as "lecturers" at the Red Army University, and finally killed while fleeing on the Long March. There was only one brigade commander spared alive by Heh Long's Red Army, and this guy later became a crowned general in the 1950s. The Red Army generals' memoirs had accounts about a special NKVD force killing sick and wounded Red Army soldiers with batons, i.e., soldiers who could not move further. You may want to read into the "Ningdu Uprising" of 1931, when about 17000 Northwestern Army troops defected to the Red Army. All officers, except for Dong Zhentang and a few communists, were purged, and killed.

It was in 1948, when the PLA began to have an upper hand over the government troops, that the communist began to launch a false propaganda to win over the government troops, i.e., setting up a so-called "officer corps training school", and even releasing the generals for instigation among government troops. However, the mid-level government officers were unanimously killed. Now, about this "officer corps training school". In 1950, when the communists were to win the war for sure, this school was closed down, and all the generals automatically became "war criminals", and were imprisoned till the first amnesty of 1959, and three more amnesties ending in late 1970s. Those who were still in prisons survived the day, while those who were released under the amnesty programs were mostly killed by the Red Guards during the cultural revolution.

For the original poster's question about the cause of the communist revolution, he or she man look no beyond the 5-10 topics under this ROC/PRC thread

http://www.chinahist...o-japanese-war/

Edited by ahxiang, 25 March 2010 - 02:37 AM.

[mrclub]

thanks ahxiang for clearing my doubts

[animerlot]

That is a total falsehood. The Red Army, the 8th Route Army and the PLA had a tradition of killing officers of government troops. Many division commanders and brigade commanders of government troops disappeared under the communist custody, and those generals were first used as chips for ransom money, then used as "lecturers" at the Red Army University, and finally killed while fleeing on the Long March. There was only one brigade commander spared alive by Heh Long's Red Army, and this guy later became a crowned general in the 1950s. The Red Army generals' memoirs had accounts about a special NKVD force killing sick and wounded Red Army soldiers with batons, i.e., soldiers who could not move further. You may want to read into the "Ningdu Uprising" of 1931, when about 17000 Northwestern Army troops defected to the Red Army. All officers, except for Dong Zhentang and a few communists, were purged, and killed.

It was in 1948, when the PLA began to have an upper hand over the government troops, that the communist began to launch a false propaganda to win over the government troops, i.e., setting up a so-called "officer corps training school", and even releasing the generals for instigation among government troops. However, the mid-level government officers were unanimously killed. Now, about this "officer corps training school". In 1950, when the communists were to win the war for sure, this school was closed down, and all the generals automatically became "war criminals", and were imprisoned till the first amnesty of 1959, and three more amnesties ending in late 1970s. Those who were still in prisons survived the day, while those who were released under the amnesty programs were mostly killed by the Red Guards during the cultural revolution.

For the original poster's question about the cause of the communist revolution, he or she man look no beyond the 5-10 topics under this ROC/PRC thread

http://www.chinahist...o-japanese-war/

FYI,if you can read Chinese, sorry to not translate into English.

You may not believe it, but you should know it.

泱泱177万国民党起义部队被改造纪实

解放战争期间，800万国民党军被歼，这其中有五分之一左右即177万是倒戈部队，包括陆军153个整师，海军大小舰艇74艘，空军飞机26架，起义投诚将军1400余名。

177万来自敌对营垒的官兵，比美国1996年现役军人的总数还要多32万，全被共产党消化、改造了。在此过程中，共产党派去一名指导员，就能彻底改造百十人的一个连，派去几百人工作团，就能彻底改造几万人的一个军。

然而，这史无前例的浩大工程，却鲜见于史料，党史、军史研究和纪实文学领域基本上也是空白。

倒戈“国军”的基本状况

解放战争期间，国民党军队起义投诚出现三次高潮：

第一次高潮，在内战之初。相对而言，“国军”这一时期的倒戈数量不多，但政治影响很大。此时，“国军”与“共军”之间力量悬殊，蒋介石、陈诚夸下海口要“三个月剿灭关内共军”，结果，不但“共军”没有如期“剿灭”，青天白日下的“国军”却接二连三地“叛变投共”。先是1945年10月30日高树勋率新编第8军在河北邯郸起义，接着是1946年1月郝鹏举率第6路先遣军在山东台儿庄起义，再就是1946年5月30日潘朔端率第184师一部在辽宁海城起义。“走高树勋、潘朔端的道路”，在相当长的一段时间内，成了***军队开展敌军工作的一个很响亮、能震撼人心的口号。

第二次高潮，在1948年9月至1949年1月的战略决战时期，在此期间举行的起义对战役进程起了重要的推进作用。其中，吴化文率整编第84师的济南起义，使攻城时间缩短了一半多；曾泽生率第60军的长春起义，使我军首创和平解放大城市的先例，傅作义率北平20万守军接受和平改编就更不用说了，千年古都免遭灭顶之灾，傅作义功彪青史。

第三次高潮，在我“百万雄师渡大江”之后，这一时期，国民党军起义投诚可谓之“风起云涌”，逾百万之众。对这部分人的起义，早先的起义人员是看不上眼的：“他们那还叫起义？”

这177万起义投诚的国民党官兵，成分非常复杂，什幺样的人都有。士兵，绝大多数都是抓来的壮丁，贫苦农民居多，当兵之前受地方老财的剥削压迫，当兵后，又受长官的盘剥与欺压，他们虽然占多数，但没有地位。一位起义士兵曾说过这样的话：“我们那时认主子啊！就和电影《末代皇帝》里面的奴才一模一样的！”

在国民党军队中，有权、有势的是军官，而军官的成份最为复杂。国民党军队的军官多出身于富家子弟，其中有的家人是为富不仁横行乡里的土豪劣绅，本人则是剥削欺压士兵的“小军阀”。这部分人，虽然在战场上掉转了枪口或放下了武器，但让他们心悦诚服地接受***的政治主张和纪律约束，谈何容易？

在第一阶段真心起义的高树勋部，进驻武安地区最初几个月，其驻地17个村的群众就怨声载道，几乎每天都有群众找当地政府请求高树勋部移防，甚至还准备赴边区政府请愿。

在第二、三阶段起义的部队也有类似问题。几乎每支国民党军队内部都存在一些五花八门名目繁多的反动党团及封建迷信组织。起义后的国民党第7兵团2.3万人，查出其内部的各类反动、封建组织竟达75种，有4058人参加，其中参加国民党的1326人，参加三青团的351人，参加清帮的881人，参加洪帮的690人，参加袍哥的522人。川军中的袍哥组织更是门户繁杂、堂口林立，无孔不入。在第16兵团，兵团副司令、军长、团长都有袍哥大爷。范绍增的“国防部挺进军”干脆就是一个袍哥武装。吃喝嫖赌也相当普遍。就说抽大烟，在刘文辉的第24军里，“双枪兵”（步枪和烟枪）约占三分之一。血债问题也不少。国民党第18兵团副司令官兼大同守备区总指挥于镇河率部接受我军和平改编后，当地受害群众纷纷向人民政府控告于镇河等将领的累累罪行。于镇河家乡贾庄的群众甚至派出20余乡人的代表前往大同城，强烈要求把于镇河押回家乡交群众斗争处理。为防止意外，解放军将于镇河等将领紧急转移到察哈尔省军区所在地张家口。还有当过汉奸的。台儿庄起义的郝鹏举，曾于1941年率部投靠日寇，担任过汪伪徐州绥靖公署主任、淮海省省长等职。济南起义的吴化文，曾于1939年率部投降日寇，担任过汪伪第三方面军司令官等职。抗战期间，郝鹏举部和吴化文部都参与了日寇对我抗日根据地的大扫荡，其中吴化文部甚至在临朐一带残酷地制造过“无人区”。

几乎每一支起义部队起义后，都要发生规模或大或小的叛变事件。郝鹏举部、董其武装、郭汝瑰部、董宋珩部的叛变份子，甚至还残杀了我军派去的政治工作干部，以及起义官兵中部分积极分子。

血泪大控诉

应该说，***在起义部队中开展的正面教育，转变了相当一部分官兵的思想觉悟，使他们走上了革命道路。然而，从整体上看，温和的正面教育方法要想彻底解决起义官兵长期在旧军队里根深蒂固的思想问题，尚需很长的时间，这在战争年代是困难的。

起义部队尚未彻底改造，发生大规模的叛变事件也就有了可能。由海城起义部队改编的“民主同盟军第1军”在接受***的正面教育4个月后，其一部约1000余人，于1946年10月发生了叛变事件。策划并组织这次叛变事件的，是民主同盟军第1军184师副师长杨朝伦。此人在“鞍（山）海（城）战役”期间驻防大石桥，因拒绝起义，被我军俘虏。当时，为了最大限度地瓦解敌军，扩大政治影响，在征得潘朔明等起义将领的同意后，把战俘杨朝伦等被俘官兵留在了起义部队，并在起义部队“扩编”时，将杨朝伦提升为副师长，不久，又让其兼任了军官轮训队的班主任。于是，骗取信任的杨朝伦于暗地里秘密策划了叛变事件，利用旧军官对起义部队的控制，使‘扩编‘后的一个师除两三百人外，全部被裹胁叛逃。郝鹏举的“华中民主联军”接受***正面教育的时间更长，整整一年，但郝鹏举还是在1947年1月发动了叛变，把部队拖回国民党那里，并诱捕了朱克靖等4名我军的联系人员，向国民党当局邀功请赏。

由此可见改造起义部队的难度。如果把改造起义部队比喻为一场政治战役，那么，战役的突破口就应该选择在对方最厉害、最薄弱的地方。这就是旧军队内部的阶级压迫。撕开这场政治战役突破口的方式，是开展控诉运动——控诉旧社会、控诉旧军队。

据笔者目前掌握的史料，最先开展控诉运动的起义部队是‘民主同盟军第1军‘，即潘朔端的海城起义部队。这支部队于1946年5月30日在辽宁海成起义后，开赴安东地区进行政治整训，然而，4个月的正面教育还是没能从整体上彻底解决起义官兵的思想问题。10月，当国民党大举进攻我解放区时，起义部队于后撤途中发生了副师长杨朝伦率1000多官兵的大规模叛变事件。叛变事件发生不久，部队即着手清理了一些不可靠的旧军官，或者发路费放他们回家，或者调离起义部队。政治整训正式开始之前，部队抽调150余名军官前往黑龙江省北安县，进入东北军政大学总校，学期9个月；然后，在兴隆镇成立了两个士官训练队，从班长和士兵中选拔了300多人参加培训，其中1队学期3个月，2队学期6个月。

据“民主同盟军第1军”政治部主任、老红军徐文烈撰写的一份总结记载：

安东整训期间的政治教育，多是从正面讲国民党反动派“卖国独裁”、“发动内战”的一些大道理，结果，不但与起义官兵亲身体会的压迫剥削距离太远，还常常与官兵们长期形成的“正统观念”相抵触。后来，徐文烈等政治工作干部采取“解剖麻雀”的方法，具体考察了一个连队，结果发现，在139名士兵中，对乡镇保甲长及恶霸地主没有敌意的只有11人，其余全部痛恨乡镇保甲长和地方恶霸。另一个连队的84名士兵中，有83人挨过军官的打，没挨打过的只有一位某军官的亲戚。根据这个调查，徐文烈他们做了一个小小的‘试验‘：‘倒过来讲‘，先从士兵亲身感受的乡镇保甲长恶霸地方的剥削压迫讲起，从士兵所遭受长官的压迫讲起，再讲到蒋介石统治集团维护这一阶段压迫制度。果然，如此一讲，便很自然地激发起了阶级仇恨和政治觉悟。确切地说，控诉运动引发的，是广大国民党士兵群众长期以来被压抑在内心深处的那种能够排山倒海翻天覆地的灵魂裂变。

绝大多数士兵和一部分军官都出身于贫苦农民，都是被抓来、逼来的壮丁，谁没有一肚子苦水？谁没有一把辛酸的眼泪？在经济上，军官“吃空”（就是虚报士兵人数，以贪污空额的薪饷和粮代金）贪污司空见惯，克扣士兵的伙食更是“家常便饭”，有的军官甚至还要以“保管”、赌博等形式勒索士兵的钱财。在人身权利上，国民党军队内部通行残酷的体罚肉刑制度，军官对士兵，上级对下级，有随意打骂的权力，甚至可以草菅人命。以胡宗南嫡系第7兵团为例，据该部士兵揭发，一些军官残杀士兵达到了令人发指的地步：其430团的副营长陈××当机一连连长时，士兵刘炎春开小差被抓回，陈××将刘炎春吊起来毒打，打死后，尸体扔到野外喂狗，再把死者的双耳割下来，悬挂在墙上，然后集合全连宣布：“你们看这是什幺东西？以后谁再逃跑，就这这样办！”

其158师军官邓××揭发，他当排长的时候，一次跟着迫击炮连连长到四川接新兵，亲眼看见这位连长杀死了20多名开小差的新兵。多是用铡刀铡死的，还有用“五马分尸”等办法杀死的。有一位新兵跑了，他带人到新兵家里去抓，没抓到，就放火把新兵家里的房子烧了。还有一次，没抓到逃兵，就下令让4名士兵抬起逃兵的家属放在火上烧，直到烧死。其55师参谋主任朱×，曾命令直属连连长：“凡是士兵犯了错误，一律活埋！”此人曾在一次处罚士兵时，当场挖出士兵的心脏，挂了两大串。士兵揭发他“常有吃不完的人心”。

据统计，该师2451名士兵在旧军队中，被吊打过的345人，被捆打过的289人，被棒打过的1238人，被刺刀打过的13人，被抢托打过的677人，被打过耳光的1362人，被皮带打过的945人，被拳打脚踢过的991人，被打死过去又复活了的53人，被打吐血的20人，被打残废的22人，被罚过跪的1298人，被罚过冻的535人，被罚过晒的128人，被罚挨饿的1302人，被罚过喝尿的1人，被罚过吃地痰的1人，枪毙未死的33人，活埋未死的24人……

诉苦运动开始后，该兵团的士兵一个个哭得撕心裂肺、惊天动地。控诉会上，有的哭得痛不欲生。有的哭得口吐白沫死去活来。第472团2营召开诉苦大会，第一次大会就哭晕倒了31人，第二次大会又晕倒了35人。诉苦会下来以后，有的哭得两三天吃不下去饭，有的甚至哭得一时精神失常。一位叫何思勤的士兵诉苦后，哭得精神失常，耳朵听不见了，也不吃饭了，谁劝他，他都不理睬。后来人们发现，何思勤诉苦以后特别敬重毛主席，于是，到吃饭的时候，就给他写了个条子：“毛主席叫你吃饭！”到晚上睡觉的时候，他如果大吵大闹，就再给他写个条子：“毛主席叫你睡觉。”只要看到是毛主席叫做的事情，何思勤非常听话。后来，何思勤在上级批准他参加人民解放军时，喜出望外，逐渐恢复了正常。

政治工作干部发动起义士兵群众开展了轰轰烈烈的控诉运动，改造旧军队的突破口一下子撕开了。

Edited by animerlot, 25 March 2010 - 06:10 AM.

[Yizheng]

FYI,if you can read Chinese, sorry to not translate into English.

You may not believe it, but you should know it.

泱泱177万国民党起义部队被改造纪实

解放战争期间，800万国民党军被歼，这其中有五分之一左右即177万是倒戈部队，包括陆军153个整师，海军大小舰艇74艘，空军飞机26架，起义投诚将军1400余名。

177万来自敌对营垒的官兵，比美国1996年现役军人的总数还要多32万，全被共产党消化、改造了。在此过程中，共产党派去一名指导员，就能彻底改造百十人的一个连，派去几百人工作团，就能彻底改造几万人的一个军。

然而，这史无前例的浩大工程，却鲜见于史料，党史、军史研究和纪实文学领域基本上也是空白。

倒戈“国军”的基本状况

解放战争期间，国民党军队起义投诚出现三次高潮：

第一次高潮，在内战之初。相对而言，“国军”这一时期的倒戈数量不多，但政治影响很大。此时，“国军”与“共军”之间力量悬殊，蒋介石、陈诚夸下海口要“三个月剿灭关内共军”，结果，不但“共军”没有如期“剿灭”，青天白日下的“国军”却接二连三地“叛变投共”。先是1945年10月30日高树勋率新编第8军在河北邯郸起义，接着是1946年1月郝鹏举率第6路先遣军在山东台儿庄起义，再就是1946年5月30日潘朔端率第184师一部在辽宁海城起义。“走高树勋、潘朔端的道路”，在相当长的一段时间内，成了***军队开展敌军工作的一个很响亮、能震撼人心的口号。

第二次高潮，在1948年9月至1949年1月的战略决战时期，在此期间举行的起义对战役进程起了重要的推进作用。其中，吴化文率整编第84师的济南起义，使攻城时间缩短了一半多；曾泽生率第60军的长春起义，使我军首创和平解放大城市的先例，傅作义率北平20万守军接受和平改编就更不用说了，千年古都免遭灭顶之灾，傅作义功彪青史。

第三次高潮，在我“百万雄师渡大江”之后，这一时期，国民党军起义投诚可谓之“风起云涌”，逾百万之众。对这部分人的起义，早先的起义人员是看不上眼的：“他们那还叫起义？”

这177万起义投诚的国民党官兵，成分非常复杂，什幺样的人都有。士兵，绝大多数都是抓来的壮丁，贫苦农民居多，当兵之前受地方老财的剥削压迫，当兵后，又受长官的盘剥与欺压，他们虽然占多数，但没有地位。一位起义士兵曾说过这样的话：“我们那时认主子啊！就和电影《末代皇帝》里面的奴才一模一样的！”

在国民党军队中，有权、有势的是军官，而军官的成份最为复杂。国民党军队的军官多出身于富家子弟，其中有的家人是为富不仁横行乡里的土豪劣绅，本人则是剥削欺压士兵的“小军阀”。这部分人，虽然在战场上掉转了枪口或放下了武器，但让他们心悦诚服地接受***的政治主张和纪律约束，谈何容易？

在第一阶段真心起义的高树勋部，进驻武安地区最初几个月，其驻地17个村的群众就怨声载道，几乎每天都有群众找当地政府请求高树勋部移防，甚至还准备赴边区政府请愿。

在第二、三阶段起义的部队也有类似问题。几乎每支国民党军队内部都存在一些五花八门名目繁多的反动党团及封建迷信组织。起义后的国民党第7兵团2.3万人，查出其内部的各类反动、封建组织竟达75种，有4058人参加，其中参加国民党的1326人，参加三青团的351人，参加清帮的881人，参加洪帮的690人，参加袍哥的522人。川军中的袍哥组织更是门户繁杂、堂口林立，无孔不入。在第16兵团，兵团副司令、军长、团长都有袍哥大爷。范绍增的“国防部挺进军”干脆就是一个袍哥武装。吃喝嫖赌也相当普遍。就说抽大烟，在刘文辉的第24军里，“双枪兵”（步枪和烟枪）约占三分之一。血债问题也不少。国民党第18兵团副司令官兼大同守备区总指挥于镇河率部接受我军和平改编后，当地受害群众纷纷向人民政府控告于镇河等将领的累累罪行。于镇河家乡贾庄的群众甚至派出20余乡人的代表前往大同城，强烈要求把于镇河押回家乡交群众斗争处理。为防止意外，解放军将于镇河等将领紧急转移到察哈尔省军区所在地张家口。还有当过汉奸的。台儿庄起义的郝鹏举，曾于1941年率部投靠日寇，担任过汪伪徐州绥靖公署主任、淮海省省长等职。济南起义的吴化文，曾于1939年率部投降日寇，担任过汪伪第三方面军司令官等职。抗战期间，郝鹏举部和吴化文部都参与了日寇对我抗日根据地的大扫荡，其中吴化文部甚至在临朐一带残酷地制造过“无人区”。

几乎每一支起义部队起义后，都要发生规模或大或小的叛变事件。郝鹏举部、董其武装、郭汝瑰部、董宋珩部的叛变份子，甚至还残杀了我军派去的政治工作干部，以及起义官兵中部分积极分子。

血泪大控诉

应该说，***在起义部队中开展的正面教育，转变了相当一部分官兵的思想觉悟，使他们走上了革命道路。然而，从整体上看，温和的正面教育方法要想彻底解决起义官兵长期在旧军队里根深蒂固的思想问题，尚需很长的时间，这在战争年代是困难的。

起义部队尚未彻底改造，发生大规模的叛变事件也就有了可能。由海城起义部队改编的“民主同盟军第1军”在接受***的正面教育4个月后，其一部约1000余人，于1946年10月发生了叛变事件。策划并组织这次叛变事件的，是民主同盟军第1军184师副师长杨朝伦。此人在“鞍（山）海（城）战役”期间驻防大石桥，因拒绝起义，被我军俘虏。当时，为了最大限度地瓦解敌军，扩大政治影响，在征得潘朔明等起义将领的同意后，把战俘杨朝伦等被俘官兵留在了起义部队，并在起义部队“扩编”时，将杨朝伦提升为副师长，不久，又让其兼任了军官轮训队的班主任。于是，骗取信任的杨朝伦于暗地里秘密策划了叛变事件，利用旧军官对起义部队的控制，使‘扩编‘后的一个师除两三百人外，全部被裹胁叛逃。郝鹏举的“华中民主联军”接受***正面教育的时间更长，整整一年，但郝鹏举还是在1947年1月发动了叛变，把部队拖回国民党那里，并诱捕了朱克靖等4名我军的联系人员，向国民党当局邀功请赏。

由此可见改造起义部队的难度。如果把改造起义部队比喻为一场政治战役，那么，战役的突破口就应该选择在对方最厉害、最薄弱的地方。这就是旧军队内部的阶级压迫。撕开这场政治战役突破口的方式，是开展控诉运动——控诉旧社会、控诉旧军队。

据笔者目前掌握的史料，最先开展控诉运动的起义部队是‘民主同盟军第1军‘，即潘朔端的海城起义部队。这支部队于1946年5月30日在辽宁海成起义后，开赴安东地区进行政治整训，然而，4个月的正面教育还是没能从整体上彻底解决起义官兵的思想问题。10月，当国民党大举进攻我解放区时，起义部队于后撤途中发生了副师长杨朝伦率1000多官兵的大规模叛变事件。叛变事件发生不久，部队即着手清理了一些不可靠的旧军官，或者发路费放他们回家，或者调离起义部队。政治整训正式开始之前，部队抽调150余名军官前往黑龙江省北安县，进入东北军政大学总校，学期9个月；然后，在兴隆镇成立了两个士官训练队，从班长和士兵中选拔了300多人参加培训，其中1队学期3个月，2队学期6个月。

据“民主同盟军第1军”政治部主任、老红军徐文烈撰写的一份总结记载：

安东整训期间的政治教育，多是从正面讲国民党反动派“卖国独裁”、“发动内战”的一些大道理，结果，不但与起义官兵亲身体会的压迫剥削距离太远，还常常与官兵们长期形成的“正统观念”相抵触。后来，徐文烈等政治工作干部采取“解剖麻雀”的方法，具体考察了一个连队，结果发现，在139名士兵中，对乡镇保甲长及恶霸地主没有敌意的只有11人，其余全部痛恨乡镇保甲长和地方恶霸。另一个连队的84名士兵中，有83人挨过军官的打，没挨打过的只有一位某军官的亲戚。根据这个调查，徐文烈他们做了一个小小的‘试验‘：‘倒过来讲‘，先从士兵亲身感受的乡镇保甲长恶霸地方的剥削压迫讲起，从士兵所遭受长官的压迫讲起，再讲到蒋介石统治集团维护这一阶段压迫制度。果然，如此一讲，便很自然地激发起了阶级仇恨和政治觉悟。确切地说，控诉运动引发的，是广大国民党士兵群众长期以来被压抑在内心深处的那种能够排山倒海翻天覆地的灵魂裂变。

绝大多数士兵和一部分军官都出身于贫苦农民，都是被抓来、逼来的壮丁，谁没有一肚子苦水？谁没有一把辛酸的眼泪？在经济上，军官“吃空”（就是虚报士兵人数，以贪污空额的薪饷和粮代金）贪污司空见惯，克扣士兵的伙食更是“家常便饭”，有的军官甚至还要以“保管”、赌博等形式勒索士兵的钱财。在人身权利上，国民党军队内部通行残酷的体罚肉刑制度，军官对士兵，上级对下级，有随意打骂的权力，甚至可以草菅人命。以胡宗南嫡系第7兵团为例，据该部士兵揭发，一些军官残杀士兵达到了令人发指的地步：其430团的副营长陈××当机一连连长时，士兵刘炎春开小差被抓回，陈××将刘炎春吊起来毒打，打死后，尸体扔到野外喂狗，再把死者的双耳割下来，悬挂在墙上，然后集合全连宣布：“你们看这是什幺东西？以后谁再逃跑，就这这样办！”

其158师军官邓××揭发，他当排长的时候，一次跟着迫击炮连连长到四川接新兵，亲眼看见这位连长杀死了20多名开小差的新兵。多是用铡刀铡死的，还有用“五马分尸”等办法杀死的。有一位新兵跑了，他带人到新兵家里去抓，没抓到，就放火把新兵家里的房子烧了。还有一次，没抓到逃兵，就下令让4名士兵抬起逃兵的家属放在火上烧，直到烧死。其55师参谋主任朱×，曾命令直属连连长：“凡是士兵犯了错误，一律活埋！”此人曾在一次处罚士兵时，当场挖出士兵的心脏，挂了两大串。士兵揭发他“常有吃不完的人心”。

据统计，该师2451名士兵在旧军队中，被吊打过的345人，被捆打过的289人，被棒打过的1238人，被刺刀打过的13人，被抢托打过的677人，被打过耳光的1362人，被皮带打过的945人，被拳打脚踢过的991人，被打死过去又复活了的53人，被打吐血的20人，被打残废的22人，被罚过跪的1298人，被罚过冻的535人，被罚过晒的128人，被罚挨饿的1302人，被罚过喝尿的1人，被罚过吃地痰的1人，枪毙未死的33人，活埋未死的24人……

诉苦运动开始后，该兵团的士兵一个个哭得撕心裂肺、惊天动地。控诉会上，有的哭得痛不欲生。有的哭得口吐白沫死去活来。第472团2营召开诉苦大会，第一次大会就哭晕倒了31人，第二次大会又晕倒了35人。诉苦会下来以后，有的哭得两三天吃不下去饭，有的甚至哭得一时精神失常。一位叫何思勤的士兵诉苦后，哭得精神失常，耳朵听不见了，也不吃饭了，谁劝他，他都不理睬。后来人们发现，何思勤诉苦以后特别敬重毛主席，于是，到吃饭的时候，就给他写了个条子：“毛主席叫你吃饭！”到晚上睡觉的时候，他如果大吵大闹，就再给他写个条子：“毛主席叫你睡觉。”只要看到是毛主席叫做的事情，何思勤非常听话。后来，何思勤在上级批准他参加人民解放军时，喜出望外，逐渐恢复了正常。

政治工作干部发动起义士兵群众开展了轰轰烈烈的控诉运动，改造旧军队的突破口一下子撕开了。

As you say, we can choose ourselves whether to believe it or not, but how can we verify this information. People like to say stuff like '据统计' as if statistics are themselves firm evidence. On the level of individuals, I see no reason not to believe the anecdotes cited here, the individual cruelty, and the individual emotional turmoil that follows, like the guy who won't eat until they tell him Chairman Mao wants him to eat. In civil war situations all these things are possible, all kinds of crimes, horrors, remorse and suffering on both sides. But what is the source of the information?

[animerlot]

As you say, we can choose ourselves whether to believe it or not, but how can we verify this information. People like to say stuff like '据统计' as if statistics are themselves firm evidence. On the level of individuals, I see no reason not to believe the anecdotes cited here, the individual cruelty, and the individual emotional turmoil that follows, like the guy who won't eat until they tell him Chairman Mao wants him to eat. In civil war situations all these things are possible, all kinds of crimes, horrors, remorse and suffering on both sides. But what is the source of the information?

The source is :
http://www.wyzxsx.co...003/135933.html

author:高戈里 "该文——是在我的一篇旧文基础上大幅度扩写的，之后，王小强主编《香港传真》（内部刊物）2009年第26期首次刊登，总装备部《神剑》2009年第5期首次公开发表，中国报告文学学会《文学界·中国报告文学》2010年第1期转登。　"


高戈里,山东掖县人，退役军人，现就职于四川省某机关，著有长篇纪实文学《心路沧桑——从国民党60军到共产党50军》（解放军出版社2004年1月出版）。为抢救史料，截止2007年3月，已经采访近200人，其中国民党起义、被俘官兵116名，包括师职2人、团职8人、营职4人、连排职19人、士兵83人，另有随军眷属6人。电子信箱：gaogeli@sina.com
通信地址：四川省成都市滨江东路266号1416室
邮编610021

sorry for not translate.

I don't know how you verify it,maybe you can mail him to ask.

This is my way to verify:
My grandfather used to be a deserter from KMT, he was forced to join KMT army, if he refused to do that, he would be killed. When he got a chance, he ran away and hide in the E mei mountain(famous in Sichuan) for few months, then he came home. When I heard his story, I was little,I just think he was great to climb to the top of E mei mountain just in one day， I did not know he ran for his life.

And from my parents I know when they were young how much they love Mao. The day when Mao passed away, "we feel the sky is fallen",my mother told me. So I'm not surprised to that "eat thing".

So, how you gonna verify my words?

[Yizheng]

The source is :
http://www.wyzxsx.co...003/135933.html

author:高戈里 "该文——是在我的一篇旧文基础上大幅度扩写的，之后，王小强主编《香港传真》（内部刊物）2009年第26期首次刊登，总装备部《神剑》2009年第5期首次公开发表，中国报告文学学会《文学界·中国报告文学》2010年第1期转登。　"


高戈里,山东掖县人，退役军人，现就职于四川省某机关，著有长篇纪实文学《心路沧桑——从国民党60军到共产党50军》（解放军出版社2004年1月出版）。为抢救史料，截止2007年3月，已经采访近200人，其中国民党起义、被俘官兵116名，包括师职2人、团职8人、营职4人、连排职19人、士兵83人，另有随军眷属6人。电子信箱：gaogeli@sina.com
通信地址：四川省成都市滨江东路266号1416室
邮编610021

sorry for not translate.

I don't know how you verify it,maybe you can mail him to ask.

This is my way to verify:
My grandfather used to be a deserter from KMT, he was forced to join KMT army, if he refused to do that, he would be killed. When he got a chance, he ran away and hide in the E mei mountain(famous in Sichuan) for few months, then he came home. When I heard his story, I was little,I just think he was great to climb to the top of E mei mountain just in one day， I did not know he ran for his life.

And from my parents I know when they were young how much they love Mao. The day when Mao passed away, "we feel the sky is fallen",my mother told me. So I'm not surprised to that "eat thing".

So, how you gonna verify my words?

Thanks for the source information. Actually, I am not at all surprised by the story of the guy who won't eat, or by the other stories mentioned. And I have absolutely no reason not to believe your grandfather's story. I am sure your grandfather's story is true. And I am sure your parents are also speaking the truth when they tell you how they loved Mao, and how sad they were when Mao died.

I have heard the same thing about Stalin. You know, people cried real tears and felt like orphans when Stalin died, and I have heard many times these exact same words 'the sky has fallen'. This is their individual truth, but it is just part of a bigger truth, which includes the (now proven) fact that Stalin was responsible for the deaths of millions of people.

I also know that in the Russian civil war there are also many stories of deserters, of people forced to fight, of crimes, killing, all kinds of horrors, and this is on both sides - Bolsheviks and White Army. But each side later presented history from its own point of view. I believe the real picture can only come through studying all of the different points of view with an open mind.

[animerlot]

Thanks for the source information. Actually, I am not at all surprised by the story of the guy who won't eat, or by the other stories mentioned. And I have absolutely no reason not to believe your grandfather's story. I am sure your grandfather's story is true. And I am sure your parents are also speaking the truth when they tell you how they loved Mao, and how sad they were when Mao died.

I have heard the same thing about Stalin. You know, people cried real tears and felt like orphans when Stalin died, and I have heard many times these exact same words 'the sky has fallen'. This is their individual truth, but it is just part of a bigger truth, which includes the (now proven) fact that Stalin was responsible for the deaths of millions of people.

I also know that in the Russian civil war there are also many stories of deserters, of people forced to fight, of crimes, killing, all kinds of horrors, and this is on both sides - Bolsheviks and White Army. But each side later presented history from its own point of view. I believe the real picture can only come through studying all of the different points of view with an open mind.

Deng xiao ping has said, "Chairman Mao is responsible for the Cultural Revolution, but we will separate his thoughts from himself." That is written in every history book the Chinese students are using.

We all know, when human being gets old, they always make mistakes, they can not be smart as when they are young.

I do not know much about Stalin, but I know Mao, he is the man called in Chinese "通史",means he learned much from the history. He loves 资治通鉴 very much, that affects me to make me to read 资治通鉴. When study his comments on the 资治通鉴（毛批）,I can really know what's kind of person he really is, and his value system and behavior pattern. That materials give me evidents to believe that he is a great leader who ever makes some mistakes, and these mistakes were made because he want to make China prosperous and steady but lack of the knowledge and experience or economy and development. And the threats from US etc make whole country paranoid, that make the mistakes to be made easily. He just makes mistakes with good will.

Edited by animerlot, 26 March 2010 - 02:13 AM.

[jamielmedgar]

Thanks everyone who posted. Thats very interesting and moving stuff.

But how important was the support of the masses in the rise of the Communists and their victory?

[animerlot]

Thanks everyone who posted. Thats very interesting and moving stuff.

But how important was the support of the masses in the rise of the Communists and their victory?

One example:
Huaihai Battle(淮海战役)
Com：0.6 million vs KMT 0.8 million
You should know that Com's weapons were worse than KMT's, US support most of KMT's advanced weapon.

But Com win, why? Because there are 2 million civilian support Com, they helped to dig ditches, transport foods and ammunitions, healed the wounds etc. Without them, Com can not win.

[animerlot]

Thanks everyone who posted. Thats very interesting and moving stuff.

But how important was the support of the masses in the rise of the Communists and their victory?

One example:
Huaihai Battle(淮海战役)
Com：0.6 million vs KMT 0.8 million
You should know that Com's weapons were worse than KMT's, US support most of KMT's advanced weapon.

But Com win, why? Because there are 2 million civilian support Com, they helped to dig ditches, transport foods and ammunitions, healed the wounds etc. Without them, Com can not win.

[animerlot]

Thanks everyone who posted. Thats very interesting and moving stuff.

But how important was the support of the masses in the rise of the Communists and their victory?

One example:
Huaihai Battle(淮海战役)
Com：0.6 million vs KMT 0.8 million
You should know that Com's weapons were worse than KMT's, US support most of KMT's advanced weapon.

But Com win, why? Because there are 2 million civilian support Com, they helped to dig ditches, transport foods and ammunitions, healed the wounds etc. Without them, Com can not win.