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Posted 09 December 2004 - 06:03 AM
The Liang family name has been in existence for approximately 2600 years. The first Liang was Liang Kang Hou who was the ruler of the State of Liang, a small city-state based in the city of Shaoliang 少梁 (also known as Xiayang 夏阳) in eastern Shaanxi, on the border between Qin and Jin in the northwestern part of China. The State of Liang existed during the Zhao Dynasty of 1027 - 221 B.C. The descendents of Liang Kang Hou retained the name Liang as their surname in memory of the Liang state when it was annexed by the neighboring State of Qin in 641 B.C.
The Shiji mentions another small kingdom of Liang near the Zhou royal capital ca. 273 B.C. which was a different Liang kingdom from the one annexed in 641 B.C.
The name Liang however, predates its first use as a family surname. The Liang family name is considered a dynastic name as there were two Dynasties and numerous states under the Liang name. The name Liang appears earliest as one of the Nine Ancient Provinces (Jiu Zhou) of China from the Tribute of Yu (Yu Gong) chapter of the Classic of Documents (Shangshu/Shujing). These were the domains of the legendary King Yu that were inherited by the Xia dynasty ca. 2200 B.C.
1) Jizhou 冀州
2) Yuzhou 豫州
3) Xuzhou 徐州
4) Yangzhou 扬州
5) Jingzhou 荆州
6) Qingzhou 青州
7) Yongzhou 雍州
8) Yanzhou 兖州
9) Liangzhou 梁州
The Han dynasty also used the same names as administrative regions expanding them to 12 such regions including Liangzhou.
1) Jizhou 冀州: Central Hebei and/or Shanxi
2) Yuzhou 豫州: Henan
3) Xuzhou 徐州: Huai and Si River basins
4) Yangzhou 扬州: Lower Changjiang basin
5) Jingzhou 荆州: Middle Changjiang basin
6) Qingzhou 青州: Shandong Peninsula
7) Yongzhou 雍州: Wei River basin (Guanzhong)
8) Yanzhou 兖州: Southern Hebei
9) Liangzhou 梁州: Upper Han River basin
10) Youzhou 幽州: Northern Hebei into Inner Mongolia
11) Yingzhou 营州: Liaodong Peninsula
12) Bingzhou 并州: Shanxi and/or the Ordos Loop
During the Eastern Han period, a time when the Han Dynasty was in chaos and decline, a power struggle ensured between three rival groups, the powerful eunuchs, the cliques of officials and the consort families of which the Liang was one of them. This was largely due to the fact that starting in A.D. 88, minors were placed on the throne and hence effective control of the Dynasty was in the hands of Regents. There were three successive empresses starting with Liang Na, Liang Ji and Liang Mengnu.
"The Liang family, by providing three empresses,
became the effective ruler of the country by the
middle of the second century, and its members
accumulated a vast number of key posts.
However, its rivals, the eunuchs, were able, due to
their influence on the new emperor, to bring
about its downfall, and the whole Liang clan
was exterminated in 159AD."
- The Walled Kingdom (1984)
Witold Rodzinski
In A.D. 159 a eunuch gang in the service of Huan-ti slaughtered relatives of the Empress Dowager Liang, effectively bringing an end to the Imperial aspirations of the Liang family.
Liang Dynastic Name
The first major Liang Dynasty of A.D. 502 - 556 with its capital at Nanjing, was under the Emperor Wu Di. The dynasty was part of a period after the break-up of the Jin Dynasty, A.D. 265 - 420 called the Southern and Northern Dynasties, A.D. 520 - 588. The Liang Dynasty was one of the Southern Dynasties, the Song, Qi, Liang and the Chen, which struggled against the Northern non-Chinese Dynasties of the Later Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou. Emperor Wu Di, or Hsiao Yen was a cousin of the Emperor of the Southern Qi. He held a fief in the strategic area of the Hsiang-yang, in the north of Hupei. In A.D. 502 he marched on Nanjing and eventually forced the cession of power to himself.
The Liang Dynasty under the Emperor Wu Di was a period of great cultural advancement. Buddhism thrived, as did literature, art and philosophy. The flourish of Buddhism in China during this period was very rapid under Emperor Wu Di. Shortly after his conversion from Confucianism to Buddhism in about A.D. 511, an envoy by the name of Song Yuan was sent to India to obtain new Buddhist text for study. He also invited 3000 monks to Nanjing from India from the Gupta Kingdom. One such monk, Paramartha who arrived in A.D. 548 set about translating many Indian Buddhist text. Another referenced monk from India is Monk Damo who came to Guangdong in A.D. 527
Prince Xiao Ming of the Liang Dynasty is considered an early Chinese thinker on Buddhism. His essays "On the Two Truths", collected in the Kuang-hung-ming-chi (Taisho Tripitaka, vol. 52) and his "Two-bodies" theory represents one Chinese attempt to come to terms with Buddhism's Maadhyamika philosophy of Naagaarjuna.
It was also during this period when Emperor's eldest son, Liang Xiao Tong compiled China's most famous anthology, the Wen Xuan (Literary Selections).
The second Liang Dynasty was called the Later Liang Dynasty, A.D. 907 - 923 with its capital at Kaifeng. The break-up of the Tang Dynasty, A.D. 618 - 907, resulted in the creation of 5 smaller Dynasties contending for the Mandate of Heaven. This period is known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, A.D. 907 - 960. The Later Liang was under the rule of Emperor Tai Zu.
The Five Dynasties included the Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han and Later Zhou. Most historians tend to view the period as a great divide in Chinese history. The era's military and political upheavals were just symptoms of deeper changes in the society.
This seemingly chaotic period was in fact less chaotic than other rebellious times, except from the point of view of the aristocrats, whose status disappeared along with their large estates, usually taken over in bits by their former managers. The aristocratic dominance in Chinese history was at an end, with a new bureaucratic era about to begin with the rise of the Song Dynasty, A.D. 960 - 1279.
The Famous Ancient Liangs
There have been many significant Liangs in ancient Chinese history. Liang Hongyu was a female general and the wife of a mighty Song Dynasty general, Han Shizhong. Her tale is one of courage and strength.
Green Pearl is another Lady mentioned in ancient Chinese History. She was a singer and dancer who lived about the year A.D. 300.
Throughout Chinese history, scholars have been part and parcel of everyday life. The passing of government exams can mean high ranking posts of power and respect. There have been many famous chinese scholars through the 3000 years of Chinese history. The story of Liang Qichao (A.D. 1873 - 1929) is one such story.
In the 16th century, a scholar by the name of Liang Ju-yuan (A.D. 1527 - 1579), better known for his pseudonym Ho Hsin-yin, advocated and attempted to implement the conception of the ideal state, known as Clan Communism. In an essay, "Concerning the Theory: Fatherlessness and the Absence of Princes Are Not Identical with Parricide and Regicide" (Pien wu-fu wu-chun fei shih-fu shih-chun), he illustrated that Man has a consciousness of hierarchy and moral obligation. In A.D. 1553, he built the "Hall for Gathering in Harmony" (Chu-ho tang) in the Yang-feng district (Kiangsi province). He proposed that the powerful and far-flung Liang clan set up a kind of family commune with two principal areas of activity, a communal educational system, and the common cultivation of the fields.
Liang Fa, also known as 'Ah Fa', was the first Chinese Pastor in a Protestant church. Born in Gao He of Guangdong in A.D. 1784, Liang traveled to Guangzhou to study the technology of block printing in A.D. 1804. He met Robert Morrison (A.D. 1782 - 1834) in A.D. 1810 and began to print Bibles for Mr. Morrison, despite the ban by the Qing government. In A.D. 1815, Liang joined the British Missionary and was baptized the following year. Morrison made Liang the first Chinese pastor in Macao in A.D. 1824 and Liang later returned to preach in Guangzhou. Liang was also know for his work in editing and distributing Christian booklets (e.g., the Bible Homework, etc.) and flyers, and he turned his house into a meeting place for Christians. Liang died in Guangzhou in A.D. 1854. Liang's work had quite a bit of impact on Hong Xiu Quan who initiated the Taiping Rebellion (A.D. 1851).
Another well know scholar is Liang Hong who in his own right has a claim to fame, but together with his wife, Meng Guang comes a story of love and respect. The Chinese phrase "holding the tray level with the eyebrows" pays tribute to the couple, and is used to this day, to characterize married couples who treat each other with love and respect.
However, not every love story turns out for the better as was in the case of Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai. A well known legend and tale of tragic love. This tale is a well told tale immortalized in song and dance, tribute to the "Romeo and Juliet of the Ancient Chinese.
During the Song Dynasty in the 13th century A.D., there lived a well known Chinese painter called Liang Kai (A.D. 1140?-1210?). His works hail as some of the greatest works of Chinese classical art. Liang Kai pioneered an expressive and simplified style of ink painting. After becoming a Zen monk, he turned from his earlier landscapes to concentrate mainly on figure paintings done in a new technique using a wide, soft brush with a few deft and seemingly spontaneous strokes. Among some of his best works is a portrait of the Poet Li Bai (Li Po or Li Pai or Li Tai-Po) currently housed at the National Museum, Tokyo. For his contributions to humanity, Liang Kai has been immortalised by having a crater on Mercury named after him!
In the 8th century A.D., military engineer Liang Ling-tsan together with learned Buddhist monk I-hsing, in trying to devise a more precise calendar, constructed a great astronomical clock on the grounds of the palace in Ch'ang-an. This ancestor of all modern clocks, completed in A.D. 721, was the first machine known to employ an escapement, the basic device that is still used to regulated clocks. It divided the power from a water-wheel into exactly similar unit impulses so that the apparent motions of stars and the less regular wanderings of the planets could be duplicated by the measurable movements of a bronze microcosm of rings and little spheres, while wooden figures struck out the sequence of the hours.
Other historical Liangs of significance that we are still trying to research are:
* Liang Yi & Liang Hong (Officials) - Spring-Autumn period in the Jin Kingdom.
* Liang Gonghong (Doctor) - Spring-Autumn period in the Chu Kingdom.
* Prince Liang Hsiao Wang was in charge of arsenals containing several hundred thousand crossbows in 157 B.C.
* Liang Shang (???- A.D. 141) was a Regent and the father of the consort during the Han.
* Liang Chi (??? - A.D. 159) (Regent) - Han Dynasty tyrant who's excesses led the to tragic downfall of the entire Liang Clan at the hands of the Han Court Eunuchs
* Liang Xing (???- A.D.219) was a rebel leader in the Chang'an area who was defeated and killed by Xiahou Yuan during the Three Kingdoms era. He was one of the few Liangs of significance left after the slaughter of the Liang Clan by the Han Court Eunuchs.
* Liang Cheng (General) of the Former Qin (ca. A.D. 357) who was defeated by an Eastern Jin General prior to the famous battle of Feishui.
* Liang Xiao (Empress) from a leading southern Liang family, Empress to Emperor Yangdi (A.D. 581-604) of the Sui Dynasty.
* Hsiao Hsien from the Liang Imperial family declared himself "Emperor of Liang" in Southern China from A.D. 617-621.
* Liang Shi Du(King) - a person from Xiazhou of Sui Dynasty who started an uprising against Sui and self-proclaimed as emperor. His national symbol was Liang and his year symbol was Yonglong. He was the ruler of a Turk Vassal state north of Chang-an on the border of the Ordos Desert in Northern Shensi from A.D. 617-628. He was the last rebel from the Sui Period to be destroyed by the Tang in A.D. 628.
* Liang Chung-i was a Rebel Governor in Hsiang Yang Province during the Ho Pei Rebellions from A.D. 781 - 786.
* Liang Shou-chien was an Eunuch who was the first Commissioner of Privy Affairs (Shu-mi Shih) in A.D. 810
* Liang I-Mai (Empress) to Liang Chi-Pu (Prime Minister) - The Liang clan held control of a Tangut state of Hsia during the Northern Sung, through a succession of Liang Empresses and Prime Ministers.
* Liang Shi Cheng (Judge) - Song Dynasty
* Liang Qing (General) - Song Dynasty
* Liang Te-Kuei (A.D. 1259 - 1304) was a Chinese administrator in Temur's Court
* Liang Menglung (A.D. 1527 - 1602) was the Governor of Shantung Province who, with Tu Tsemin the Governor of Fukien Province, pettitioned and got the Ming Government to lift the ban on Maritime activity, resulting in the great age of travel cummulating in the journeys of Admiral Cheng Ho.
* Liang Chenyu (A.D. 1520 - 1593) Chinese playwright and author of the first play of the K'un school (k'un-ch'�) of dramatic singing. He was born in K'un-shan in Kiangsu Province. When his great actor-friend Wei Liang-fu developed a new, more subtle and quiet style of dramatic singing, he asked Liang Ch'en-y� to create a showcase for his new style, and Liang complied by writing the "Huan sha chi"
* Liang Desheng (A.D. 1771 -1847) (Writer) - She completed the tanci Zai sheng yuan (The destiny of rebirth), left unfinished by Chen Duangshen.
* Liang Tingnan of the Qing Dynasty compiled the Tenghuating or Mirror Catalogue.
* Liang Guo Zhi (General) - Qing Dynasty
* Liang Zhang Ju passed the Imperial Examination during the reign of Emperor Jia Qing (A.D. 1796 - 1820) and became a Jin Shi. He was appointed an official and eventually became the Governor of the two provinces of Jiangsu and Jiangxi. He had written many books.
* Liang Si Cheng (Engineer, Architect) - a person of Guangdong Xinhui who participated in countless designing of important structures in China, Beijing.
* Liang Kuan (Martial Artist) - a disciple of the famous Huang Fei-hong.
* Liang Kun (ca. 1815 - ca. 1887) (Martial Artist) - better known as Tieqiaosan or Iron Fist Three, Liang Kun was one of the "Ten Tigers of Guangdong", the best in Southern China. He was also known as the Great Master of the Hong Fist.
* Liang Shiyi (Politician) - appointed Prime Minister in A.D. 1921 for the government of Beiyang.
* Then of course there is the folktale about Liang and the Magic Paintbrush - can anyone confirm whether this is a a true folktale?
The Liang Star
The Liang Family has a star bearing the surname. In the Chinese star-chart, within the Eastern (Azure Dragon) quardrant of the sky, on the "Youyuan (Right Wall)" constellation of the "Heavenly Market Enclosure" group is a star called Liang. This star in the western star-chart corresponds to the star "Yed Prior" of the "Ophiuchus (Serpent-bearer)" constellation. It's coordinates are R.A. 16h15m Dec. -3.7 degrees, has a brightness of Magnitude 2.76 and is 172 Lightyears from Earth.
Liang Jieming
First written 1996
This post has been edited by Liang Jieming: 02 January 2007 - 09:24 PM
MultiQuote
You're right then, they should be removed since it is a different character.
