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THE SHOGUNS: PART ONE, UPTO 1333
The Seii Taishogun

Debatably the institution of Shogun was a title granted by Chinese kingdoms. In 438, the Song Kingdom granted the title ‘Shogun’ to an unknown Chieftain ‘San’ (probably a place name) after tribute had been paid, and then to Chieftain ‘Sai’ (451), Chieftain ‘Ko’ (462) and Chieftain ‘Bu’ (478 and 502) (according to the Song shu and Liang shu)
The ‘first’ (as in historically recognized) Shogun (whether Seii Shogun, sei to Shogun or Seii Taishogun) were characters chosen from the warriors of the Imperial Court, selected to fulfill temporary commissions, primarily the task of Emishi Seibatsu (crushing or subjugating the indigenous Emishi people (ancestors of the Ainu) in the northern region of Tohoku. The Tang-influenced Taiho Code of 702 had limited the ownership of weapons (in an effort to strengthen the Imperial army) had clearly not taken root in the lands east of the Kanto; a region considered distant, even barbaric in the 16th Century. Unlike later Shoguns (ie, after 1192), the original Seii Taishogun were military figures, employees of the Court, and really their authority is somewhat ambiguous.

Tajihi Agatamori
-Agatamori was probably the first Shogun, being appointed Jeisetsu Seii Shogun in 720 by the government in Heijokyo (present-day Nara) to suppress the Emishi. Previously he had been an ambassador to Tang China, and Inspector for the provinces of Sagami, Shimotsuke and Kozuke.

Otomo Yakamochi
Yakamochi was appointed Seii Shogun in 784, but he proved unable to effectively quell the Emishi that were attacking settlers in Mutsu province. Unimpressed, he was replaced in 787.

Ki no Kosami
-After the failed campaign of Otomo Yakamochi, Kosami was appointed to lead 52,000 men (a dubious figure considering the population of Japan then), but he again led a campaign against an enemy far superior to them in the northern wilderness. Emperor Kanmu (Kammu) was furious, and nearly ordered Kosami’s execution.

Otomo no Otomaro
-Otomaro was appointed Seii no Taishogun in 791, to reap the victory that previous commanders had not achieved, but his own mediocre efforts were overshadowed by his deputy, Sakanoue no Tamuramuro.

Sakanaoue no Tamuramuro (758-811)
-Sakanoue no Tamuramuro (appointed in 794 after playing a leading role in the campaign of Otomo no Otomaro) was undoubtedly the most successful of the early Seii Taishogun, and the most famous (being commemorated annually in Aomori although he never went any further north than Iwate, and being remembered for the famed Kiyomizudera he allegedly supported the construction of in Heiankyo/Kyoto (although he lived before the cleric Enchin). Serving Emperors Kammu, Heizei and Saga, he did more to establish the strength of Yamato polity in the northern regions of Honshu for any other Shogun of the period.

Hunya (Funya) no Watamaro

Minamoto no Yoshinaka (1154-1184)(1184)
-The last Shogun of the Heianjidai, Yoshinaka was the distrusted cousin of Minamoto no Yoritomo. In his infancy he was taken in by the Nakahara clan in the province of Shinano after his father had been killed during Minamoto infighting by Minamoto no Yoshiakira. In 1180, when Prince Mochihito called upon the warrior clans of the East to topple the hated Taira, Yoshinaka seized Shinano, and then in 1181 attempted to take Musashi (which was the domain of Minamoto no Yoritomo). An agreement was reached, but Yoshinaka unwillingly had to accept Yoritomo as head of the Minamoto, and send his son Yoshitaka to Kamakura as a hostage to ensure his loyalty. Spurred on into racing Yoritomo to the capital, Yoshinaka defeated the forces of Taira no Koremori at the Battle of Kurikara Pass (1183) then seized the capital. As his undisciplined forces ravaged the city, the Insei Emperor Go-Shirakawa was forced into making Yoshinaka Shogun. Only a few months later, Go-Shirakawa persuaded Yoritomo to intervene. As Yoritomo’s younger brothers (the famed Yoshitsune, and Noryori) neared the capital, Yoshinaka fled only to be killed days later at Awazu in Omi.


The Kamakura Bakufu

After the destruction of the Taira during the Genpei War (1180-1185), the victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established his Bakufu (‘tent-government’) in Kamakura, from where he had guided his brothers in their campaigns against Yoshinaka and the Taira. Earlier Shogun had been appointed to meet particular crises in Tohoku, but from 1192 the post of Shogun became a permanent feature, replacing the Emperor and the Fujiwara at Court as the dominant force in civil and military rulership.
The settlement of the Genpei War of 1180-85 was effectively to decide the character of Japan for the next seven centuries. With the adoption of models of government, religiousity, society, and arts in the seventh and eighth centuries, Japan had emerged from the somewhat more primitive systems of the preceding Kofun period and before. The international threats and interference of the imperially-driven nineteenth century forced Japan again to view itself in regard to others, and either defeat the challenge, embrace it, or succumb.
The changes that came about in the wake of the defeat of the Taira were neither adopted from overseas nor forced upon a threatened nation-state. The transformation was simply part of a longer, more drawn-out series. Whereas western feudalism was based upon the control of land and the obligations to it, Japanese 'feudalism' was based upon vassalage, one's service to another. During the Heian period, this system was not personified by the martial elite, the emerging samurai class, but civilians, shoen managers and local administrators. The victory of the Minamoto and the ascendancy of Yoritomo made it clear that the military were the source of actual authority.
Yoritomo's success depended upon his ability to reach into the trusted traditional machinery of government, while at the same time dominating it from his old military headquarters in Kamakura rather than Heiankyo. Taira no Kiyomori had failed because he was too opinionated, forcing issues to the point of causing open resistance, and eventually war. Yoritomo saw clearly enough that his role was not to revolutionize central government, but the exact opposite, return the court to the position it had allegedly gained during the seventh century . The ultimate goal was the return of the peaceful status quo and thus the avoidance of problems he couldn't hope to solve, primarily the temples.


The names are followed by dates in brackets, the first indicating lifespan, the second their tenure as Shoguns.

1. Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147-1199)(1192-1199)
-Yoritomo was the son of Minamoto no Yoshitomo, who with Fujiwara Nobuyori, rebelled against Taira Kiyomori in 1159. After the so-called Heiji no Ran (Heiji Disturbance), Yoshitomo was executed, but Yoritomo and his younger sons were banished. Yoritomo was placed under the guardianship of the Hojo at Hiogakojima in Izu (present-day Shizuoka Prefecture). In 1180, Yoritomo rallied to Prince Mochihito’s call to topple the Taira, and launched a campaign from the Kanto, assisted by the Hojo family into which he had married. When Minamoto no Yoshinaka seized the capital in August 1183 and his army ravaged the city, Insei Emperor Go-Shirakawa urged Yoritomo to take to his assistance, but throughout the Genpei War (1180-1185), Yoritomo dispatched his younger brothers (Yoshitsune and Noriyori) to expel Yoshinaka, and then defeat the forces of Taira Munemori. With the end of the war, Yoritomo turned on his brothers, fearing particularly that the warrior Yoshitsune posed a threat to his position as head of the Minamoto clan. From 1185 to 1189, forces loyal to Yoritomo hunted the wandering Yoshitsune until he was finally cornered in northern Mutsu, where he killed his wife and children, then himself. In December 1185 he introduced Jito (Stewards) and Shugo (Constables) across the country, tasked with the collection of the hyoro-mai (commissariat tax) from public and private lands. In 1189, Yoritomo arrived in the capital and established a headquarters at the former Taira headquarters of Rokuhara, and then in 1191 reorganized the kumonjo (personal administration) as the mandokoro (Board of Retainers/Samurai). In the spring of 1192, Go-Shirakawa died, and then in the autumn Go-Toba was persuaded to make Yoritomo Shogun (something Go-Shirakawa had vehemently discouraged). In 1199, Yoritomo died from injuries sustained when thrown from his horse (with a legend developing that the horse had been startled by the ghost of Yoshitsune).

2. Minamoto no Yoriie (1182-1204)(1202-1203)
-Yoriie was the first son of Yoritomo by Hojo Masako. With the death of Yoritomo, Yoriie became head of the clan, but in a show of Imperial force Emperor Go-Toba did not name him Shogun, at least not until 1202. However, real authority lay in the hands of his grandfather, Hojo Tokimasa and his mother Hojo Masako. When Yoriie tried to assume control himself, he was placed under house-arrest, and then murdered.

Shikken and Tokuso
-The Shikken was the Shogun’s regent, and it was held by the same person who held the post of Tokuso until 1256 when the posts were separated. During the period from the toppling of the second Shogun to the 1330s, the post was held solely by members of the Hojo family, and in reality the Tokosu held actual control;

Shikken; 1. Tokimasa (Shikken from 1203-1205), 2. Yoshitoki (1205-1224), 3. Yasutoki (1224-1242), 4. Tsunetoki (1242-1246), 5. Tokiyori (1246-1256), 6. Nagatoki (1256-1264), 7. Masamura (1264-1268), 8. Tokimune (1268-1284), 9. Sadatoki (1284-1301), 10. Morotoki (1301-1311), 11. Munenobi (1311-1312), 12. Hirotoki (1312-1315), 13. Mototoki (1312-1315), 14. Taketoki (1316-1326), 15. Sadaaki (1326), and 16. Moritoki (1326-1333)

Tokosu; 1. Tokimasu, 2. Yoshitoki, 3. Yasutoki, 4. Tokiuji, 5. Tsunetoki, 6. Tokiyori, 7. Tokimune, 8. Sadaaki, and 9. Tadatoki.


3. Minamoto no Sanetomo (1192-1219)(1203-1219)
-Sanetomo was the second son of Yoritomo (1), and younger brother of Yoriie (2). He was appointed Shogun after the arrest of his brother, and in the eyes of the Hojo, he was a good Shogun since he avoided administration and followed his first loves; poetry and rising through the Imperial Court ranks (reaching the rank of Udaijin (Minister of the Right) in 1218). On New Years Day of 1219 as he climbed the steps of the Tsurugaoka Hachiman jinja in Kamakura, he was killed by an archer, his nephew the son of Yoriie. Thus ended the life of Sanetomo, and the Seiwa line of Shoguns.

4. Kujo Yoritsune (1218-1286)(1226-1244)
-Yoritsune (also known as Fujiwara no Yoritsune) was the son of Kanpaku (Imperial Regent) Kujo Michiie. At birth he was named ‘Mitora’ (Triple Tiger) as he was born on the day of the Tiger, in the month of the Tiger, of the year of the Tiger. He was only seven years old when he was named Shogun, a compromise decision between his father, Hojo Masako and Hojo Yoshitoki. In 1244 he relinquished the title and retired to a monastery, leaving the office to his son.

5. Kujo Yoritsugu (1239-1256)(1244-1252)
-Yoritsugu was the son of Yoritsune (4), installed as Shogun when only six years old after his father had been forced to resign by the Hojo. Like others who became a potential threat to the Hojo, he was deposed.

6. Prince Munetaka (1242-1274)(1252-1266)
-Munetaka was first son of Emperor Go-Saigo, and when he was aged only ten he replaced Kujo Yoritsugu. His fourteen-year tenure was one of inaction as he was left to follow his love of waka poetry as the Hojo continued their dominance of administration.

7. Prince Koreyasu (1264-1326)(1266-1289)
-Koreyasu was born in Kamakura, the son of Prince Munetaka (6). Aged only two when he was appointed Shogun, he was inactive during the two attempted Mongol invasions, and when he reached the age of twenty-five he was deposed as it was no longer felt that he was a suitable puppet.

8. Prince Hisaaki (1276-1328)(1289-1308)
-Hisaaki was the son of Emperor Go-Fukakusa.

9. Prince Morikuni (1301-1333)(1308-1333)
-Morikuni was the son of Hisaaki (8), grandson of Emperor Go-Fukakusa. He resided over the continued inactivity of the post. When the Kamakura Bakufu fell in 1333, he entered the Buddhist priesthood, but died only weeks later.

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THE SHOGUNS: PART TWO, THE MUROMACHI BAKUFU

Shogun of the Kenmu Restoration

The names are followed by dates in brackets, the first indicating lifespan, the second their tenure as Shoguns.

1. Prince Morinaga (Moriyoshi) (1308-1335)(1333-1334)
-Prince Morinaga (the son of Emperror Go-Daigo and Minamoto no Chikako) was one of the two Seii Taishogun of the Kenmu Restoration. He was killed by Ashikaga Tadayoshi in 1334 after only a year as Shogun.

2. Prince Narinaga (Naryiyoshi) (1325-1338)(1334-1338)
-With the murder of Shogun Prince Morinaga, Prince Narinaga (another son of Emperor Go-Daigo) was chosen as the successor, but three years later in 1338, he (and his brother Tsunenaga) was murdered.


The Ashikaga Shoguns/ The Muromachi Bakufu

Much of the Kamakura Bakufu was inherited by the Ashikaga Bakufu, stabling their own Samurai-dokoro (which controlled the capital and handled judicial affairs), Mandokoro (the Bakufu financial agency which became the virtual inheritance of the Ise family) and Monchujo. At the practical head of the Bakufu government was the Kanrei (the Deputy Shogun), and then the Shoshi. The Shogun then possessed his own bodyguard, the Hokoshu.
To control the often troublesome Kanto, the Kanto Kanrei was established in Kamakura to administer the region’s ten provinces, while the eleven provinces of Kyushu were placed under the control of the Kyushu Tandai.
Possibly the greatest change between the Kamakura and Ashikaga/Muromachi Bakufu was the role of the Shugo (military constable). In the 1330s Ashikaga Takauji appointed Shugo to administer the provinces, and their numbers were reduced by Yoshimitsu. However, while they were forced to reside in the capital, they formed often mighty local networks of warriors, under their Shugo-dai (Deputy Shugo)(who in the Onin War (1467-1477) and the subsequent Sengokujidai often overthrew their masters in their absence, such as the Shiba Shugo family whose deputies included the Oda and Asakura). By the time of the 8th Ashikaga Shogun (Yoshimasa), the authority of the Shugo had made the Shogun largely impotent.
Unlike the Kamakura Bakufu, the Ashikaga Shoguns found great difficulty in trying to finance their operations, with insufficient funds being raised by the Shugo and Jito in the provinces. Therefore the Bakufu demanded taxes from the pawnbrokers and sake brewers (often the same company, and the reason the Do-Ikki protesters of the 15th Century so often attacked the brewers). Other funds were raised from the trade with Yuan, and then Ming, Dynasty China and Joseon Korea, with the trade sent under Yoshimitsu viewed by the Ming as tribute from the ‘King of Japan’. The trade with China eventually fell under the influence of the Hosokawa and Ouchi families, that with Joseon under the So of Tsushima, which encouraged the growth of the cities of Hakata, Hyogo and Sakai.

The names are followed by dates in brackets, the first indicating lifespan, the second their tenure as Shoguns.

1. Ashikaga Takauji (1305-1358)(1338-1358)
-Takauji was a descendent of the branch of the Minamoto which had settled in the region of Ashikaga in the province of Shimotsuke. A general of the Kamakura Bakufu, he had entered Kyoto in 1333 (after quelling the Genko no Ran (Genko Rebellion) with Emperor Go-Daigo and Kusunoki Masashige to put down the (the Kenmu Restoration), while Nitta Yoshisada defeated the forces of the much-weakened Bakufu in Kamakura (it having failed to balance the books after the failed Mongol invasions, and general discontent with the Hojo family). Takauji wanted Go-Daigo to moderate his rule, but his hopes were dashed. In 1335 Hojo Tokiyuki (son of the 14th Hojo Regent, Moritoki) rebelled (the Nakasendai Rebellion) and seized Kamakura. Takauji easily defeated the rebels and declared himself Seii Taishogun (establishing himself at the Nijo Takakura), and proclaimed his allegiance to Go-Daigo, but it was an action for which Go-Daigo dispatched Nitta and Kusunoki to punish the arrogant Takauji. Takauji pushed on and defeated Nitta at the Battle of Hakone Take no Shita, and then took Kyoto, but was soon forced out. From Kyushu he returned to Kyoto, after defeating Go-Daigo’s allies at Minatogawa (1336), and established Komyo as Emperor, directly sparking the sixty-year Nanbokucho (period of Northern and Southern Courts), told in the epic story Taiheiki.

2. Ashikaga Yoshiakira (1330-1368)(1359-1368)
-Yoshakira was the son of Takauji (1), and he succeeded his father after Takauji’s death in 1359 at the age of twenty-nine.

3. Ashikaga Yoshimitsu (1358-1408)(1368-1394)
-The son of Yoshiakira (2), he succeeded his father upon the latter’s death. He constructed his residence in the Muromachi district of Kyoto, thereby giving the accepted name to the period of the Ashikaga Bakufu; the Muromachi-jidai. He, with the assistance of Hosokawa Yoriyuki and Shiba Yoshimasa (successive Kanrei), overruled the growing power of the Shugo (destroying the Yamana family in 1391 and attacking Ouchi Yoshihiro), and successfully united the Northern and Southern Imperial Courts (Nambokuchu) in 1392. He was also made Dajo Daijin (effectively the Court’s prime minister), and is remembered for the construction of the famed Kinkakuji (Golden Pavillion), a piece of architecture that epitomized the Kitayama culture Yoshimitsu promoted. In 1394 in favour of his favourite son, although he retained authority until his death.

4. Ashikaga Yoshimochi (1386-1428)(1395-1423)
-The son of Yoshimochi (3), he succeeded Yoshimitsu when only nine, so remained under the tutelage of his father until Yoshimochi died in 1408.

5. Ashikaga Yoshikazu (1407-1425)(1423-1425)
-The son of Yoshimochi (4), he succeeded his father upon his retirement, and was succeeded by his uncle Yoshinori.

6. Ashikaga Yoshinori (1394-1441)(1429-1441)
-Yoshinori was the son of Yoshimitsu (3), uncle of Yoshikazu (5). With the deaths of Yoshikazu (5) and Yoshimochi (4), and there being no designated heir, Yoshinori was chosen by the drawing of lots at the Iwashimizu Shrine in Kyoto. He defeated the rebellion of Ashikaga Mochiuji (Eikyo Rebellion) in 1438, but was then assassinated in 1441 by Akamatsu Mitsusuke during the Kakitsu Rebellion.

7. Ashikaga Yoshikatsu (1434-1443)(1442-1443)
-The son of Yoshinori (6), he died of disease aged only nine.

8. Ashikaga Yoshimasa (1436-1490)(1449-1473)
-Yoshimasa was the ineffectual son of Yoshinori (6), younger brother of Yoshikatsu (7). Yoshimasa oversaw a great flourishing in the Higashiyama-culture, but also presided over the chaos of the decades that preceded the Onin War and the later Sengokujidai. With no children of his own, he adopted his younger brother (Yoshimi) as heir in 1464, but then the next year received a son of his own (Yoshihisa). In 1467 the Onin War erupted (fought largely (and indecisively) in Kyoto) between the Eastern and Western armies led by Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana Sozen, with the Emperor and Shogun ineffectually supporting Hosokawa. As the city burned on numerous occasions, the impotent Yoshimasa continued his feasting and entertaining (and promoting the new Higashiyama culture with such projects as the Ginkakuji (Silver Pavillion). He retired in 1473 after decades of wishing to give up the post.

9. Ashikaga Yoshihisa (1465-1489)(1474-1489)
-The son of Yoshimasa (8), he was born only a year after Yoshimasa had adopted Yoshimi as heir, creating a huge factor in the rivalries of the Onin War (1467-1477). Upon becoming Shogun, he was faced with the crisis in southern Yamashiro Province (caused by the two rival Hatakeyama armies, then the subsequent autonomy movement led by the local jizamurai) then led a campaign (the first Ashikaga Shogun to do so in over a century) against Rokkaku Takayori (Rokkaku Tobatsu), but died of disease on campaign, with an heir yet to be decided upon.

10. Ashikaga Yoshitane (1466-1523)(1490-1493, 1508-1521)
-Yoshitane was the son of Ashikaga Yoshimi, grandson of Yoshinori (6), and cousin of Yoshihisa (9). He was replaced by Yoshizumi after a conflict with Hosokawa Masamoto (whose family would dominate Bakufu affairs until 1558), but was reinstalled by Ouchi Yoshioki to serve his second-term as Shogun, but fled to Awaji Island after a dispute with Hosokawa Takakuni.

11. Ashikaga Yoshizumi (1480-1511)(1495-1508)
-Yoshizumi was the son of Ashikaga Masatomo, the grandson of Yoshinori (6), but was adopted by Yoshimasa (8). He was installed as Shogun by Hosokawa Masatomo, but stripped of his titles by Yoshitane (10) in 1508.

12. Ashikaga Yoshiharu (1510-1550)(1522-1547)
-The son of Yoshizumi (11), he was the puppet-Shogun installed after the flight of Yoshitane in 1521. He retired in 1546 after a conflict with the Miyoshi Nagayoshi and Hosokawa Harumoto.

13. Ashikaga Yoshiteru (1536-1565)(1547-1565)
-The eldest son of Yoshiharu (12), he was assassinated after a dispute with those daimyo who wished to dominate the capital, Miyoshi Nagayoshi and Matsunaga Hisahide.

14. Ashikaga Yoshihide (1540-1568)(1568)
-Yoshihide was the grandson of Yoshizumi (11), and son of Yoshiharu (12), so also cousin of Yoshiteru (13). He served from only February to September 1568, the puppet of the Miyoshi and Matsunaga Hisahide.

15. Ashikaga Yoshiaki (1537-1597)(1568-1573)
-Yoshiaki was the son of Yoshiharu (12), and brother of Yoshihide (14). He was installed in 1568 by Oda Nobunaga after three years of attempting to find a daimyo wiling to aiding his cause, but after five years he was ejected by Oda after attempting to rally rival daimyo (including Asai Nagamasa, Takeda Shingen and even his brother’s murderer Matsunaga Hisahide) to topple Oda Nobunaga from his dominant position in Kyoto.

Between 1568 and 1598 (the bulk of the Azuchi-Momoyamajidai), the two dominant warlords in Japan were Oda Nobunaga (killed 1582) and Toyotomi Hideyoshi (died 1598) never became Shogun despite their unprecedented might.

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THE SHOGUNS: PART TWO, THE TOKUGAWA BAKUFU

After the victory at the Battle of Sekigahara (1600), Tokugawa Ieyasu was declared Shogun in 1603. Building upon measures introduced by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the late 1580s and 1590s, the Tokugawa Bakufu (or Edo (present-day Tokyo) Bakufu) restored peace but presided over a disastrous two-and-a-half century long social restructuring, composed of a rigid hierarchy (basically samurai on top, with the farmers, artisans and merchants below them) that gave little consideration to actual socio-economic forces (for instance fixed tax rates and samurai salaries which ignored price rises or famines) and ultimately led to the fall of the Bakufu.

The Tokugawa Bakufu is famous for its exclusive attitude towards Japan. The Buddhist sects had been broken in the period 1570-1590, and the Tokugawa effectively instituted a State-Buddhist church that was not allowed to tolerate other influences, whether Fuju-Fuse Buddhists (a concept formed by the Hokkeshu (Lotus Sect) established in the 13th Century by Nichiren) or Catholicism. Outside trade was initially encouraged, but simultaneously the Shogun attempted to block any outside influences. Christianity had reached Japan in the 1540s, and a number of Kyushu daimyo had adopted the faith, but the persecution that began with Toyotomi Hideyoshi was accelerated by the Tokugawa. By 1612, all Tokugawa daimyo had to reject Christianity, followed by trade restrictions (1616), the execution of 120 missionaries and converts (1622), the expulsion of all Spanish persons (1624), the execution of thousands of Christians (1629) and then the prohibition of any Japanese leaving the archipelago (1635).

The Bakufu also established the Bakuhan Taisei system, whereby the country was divided into feudal domains under the rule of Tokugawa-appointed daimyo, whose task it was to administer the territory in the name of the Tokugawa. Unlike earlier daimyo who had the potential to establish powerful local networks, the Tokugawa-established sankin-kotai system demanded that daimyo spent one year in two in Edo, leaving in the capital their wives as hostages. This also caused great financial stress for the daimyo on fixed stipends (based upon koku (a value rated upon assessed rice production, with one koku representing the amount judged to feed one person for a year, and the minimum for a daimyo being 10,000). Daimyo were also rated by their status with the Shogun; Fudai, Tozama, Shinpan (respectively hereditary vassals, outsiders, and relatives) (with a Fudai daimyo eligible to become a Roju (senior official) if their koku-value was over 50,000). Then from the Roju emerged families like the Doi, Hotta, Ii and Sakai who became Tairo (great elder). Other officials were the Wakadoshiyori (from 1662) (who managed the direct vassals of the Shogun), occasionally the Soba Yonin (a liaison officer between the Shogun and Roju), and the Ometsuke and Metsuke (who monitored internal affairs). There were then the San-bugyo (three administrators; jisha, kanjo and machi-bugyo) of the Hyojosho (council) who monitored the temples and shrines, Bakufu finances, and Edo itself.

The names are followed by dates in brackets, the first indicating lifespan, the second their tenure as Shoguns. The third brackets indicate the branch of the Tokugawa family the Shogun came from. Ieyasu established the Gosanke houses of Kii, Moto and Owari to provide successors should the Main line face a succession crisis. In the late-18th Century, three further branch families were established; the Gosakyo (the Hitotsubashi, Tayashi (both formed by sons of Tokugawa Yoshimune) and the Shimizu (founded by Shigeyoshi, son of Tokugawa Ieshige)


1. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616)(1603-1605)(Main)
-Tokugawa (previously Matsudaira) Ieyasu was the young daimyo of Mikawa, under the influence of Imagawa Yoshimoto, until the latter’s defeat by Oda Nobunaga at Okehazama (1560). A renowned general, he formed a solid alliance with Oda Nobunaga, acting as a buffer at Oda’s rear against the powerful Takeda, Hojo and Uesugi clans. After a troubling relationship with Toyotomi Hideyoshi after the murder of Oda, the two generals met for the indecisive Komaki Campaign in 1584. Despite the initial hostility, Hideyoshi made Tokugawa Ieyasu a Tairo (a guardian for his infant son Hideyori in the 1590s), despite never truly trusting him. When Ishida Mitsunari rallied the Western Army to face-up to the threat Tokugawa posed, they were badly beaten at Sekigahara (1600). In 1603 he was made Shogun, but only two years later in 1605 he abdicated in favour of his son Hidetada. His priority was to avoid the succession crisis that had dogged Hideyoshi’s last decade, so he established three sons as the heads of collateral houses (the senior Owari Tokugawa in Nagoya, the Kii Tokugawa at Wakayama, and the Mito Tokugawa in the Kanto. The other sons were given Ieyasu’s original name, Matsudaira. In 1616 he died at was interred at the Nikko Toshogu in Nikko, north of Tokyo, a very popular site for tourists to, and from, Japan.

2. Tokugawa Hidetada (1574-1632)(1605-1623)(Main)
-Hidetada was Tokugawa Ieyasu’s third son, and he took over the post of Shogun after his father stood-down (although Ieyasu in reality held real authority through his position as Ogosho). The major events in Hidetada’s tenure were the Winter and Summer Campaigns of Osaka (1614 and 1615) against the remaining anti-Tokugawa forces (including huge numbers of masterless ronin) who rallied around Toyotomi Hideyori (son of Hideyoshi). Hideyori and his mother (Yodo-gimi) perished in the last stage of the siege, but his wife (Sen, the daughter of Hidetada) was spared. In response to the crisis of 1614-1615, the Shogun instituted the Buke Shohatto and Kuge Shohatto (laws governing the behaviour of the samurai and court). In 1623 Hidetada retired to allow his second son Iemitsu to take the post. Like Ieyasu before him, he became Ogosho until his death.

3. Tokugawa Iemitsu (1604-1651)(1623-1651)(Main)
-Iemitsu was the second son of Hidetada, and he took the post of Shogun upon his father’s retirement to take the influential post of Ogoshu. In 1635 he created the Sankin Kotai system, and then much of the Tokugawa Bakufu’s exclusionist policies derived from the tenure of Iemitsu. After crushing the Christian rebellion at Shimabara (1637-8), all the Portuguese were expelled, and then in 1641 the Sakoku system was introduced, prohibiting any Japanese from leaving Japan (while the Dutch and Chinese merchants were restricted to the artificial island of Deshima at Nagasaki. Internally, new legislation demanded that everyone registered at a particular accepted shrine or temple. He was succeeded by his eldest son Ietsuna upon his death.

4. Tokugawa Ietsuna (1639-1688)(1651-1680)(Main)
-Upon the death of Iemitsu (3), the eldest son Ietsuna assumed the position aged twelve. His tenure opened with a dangerous crisis, when in 1651 Yui Shosetsu gathered a force of ronin, including Marubashi Chuya who was tasked with capturing Edo castle while Shosetsu attacked the Tokugawa stronghold in Sunpu. Their aim was reversing some of the policies of Iemitsu, who had dispossessed a number of daimyo causing the number of ronin to increase. The rebellion was a failure, with Shosetsu committing seppuku and Maruhashi executed. Aged only twelve at this time, Ietsuna held the post until his the age of forty-one, then retired.

5. Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (1646-1709)(1680-1709)(Main)
-Ietsuna (4) was succeeded by his brother Tsunayoshi. During his tenure, Tsunayoshi promoted the Neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi (1130-1200), but in his later years he became known as the ‘Dog Shogun’ for his love of animals, particularly dogs, even instituting the Shorui Awaremi no Rei, a piece of legislation that prohibited the killing of animals. Upon his death, he was succeeded by his nephew Ienobu.

6. Tokugawa Ienobu (1622-1712)(1709-1712)(Main)
-Ienobu was the nephew of Tsunayoshi (5) and grandson of Iemitsu (3). With advice from Manabe Akifusa Ienobu continued Tsunayoshi’s work in propagating Neo-Confucianism, with particular favour being given to the scholar Arai Hakuseki. His administration was known as the Shotoku no Chi, a time of peace and prosperity.

7. Tokugawa Ietsugu (1709-1716)(1713-1716)(Main)
-Aged only three when he became Shogun, he was the son of Ienobu (6). He was the last of the Tokugawa Shoguns to come from the Main Tokugawa Line. Aged only seven at the time of his death, his successor was chosen from the Kii (Kishu) branch.

8. Tokugawa Yoshimune (1684-1751)(1716-1745)(Kii)
-Yoshimune, from the Kii branch of the Tokugawa clan, the great-grandson of Ieyasu (1). When Ietsugu died aged only seven, Yoshimune was chosen from the Kii line. He did not follow his predecessors in actively propagating Neo-Confucianism, and dismissed Arai Hakuseki. Instead he followed reforms of the Bakufu finances (part of the Kyoho Reforms).

9. Tokugawa Ieshige (171-1761)(1745-1760)(Kii)

10. Tokugawa Ieharu (1737-1786)(1760-1786)(Kii)

11. Tokugawa Ienari (1773-1841)(1787-1837)(Hitotsubashi)

12. Tokugawa Ieyoshi (1793-1853)(1837-1853)(Hitotsubashi)

13. Tokugawa Iesada (1824-1854)(1853-1858)(Hitotsubashi)

14. Tokugawa Iemochi (1846-1866)(1858-1866)(Hitotsubashi)

15. Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1837-1913)(1866-1867)(Mito)
-Yoshinobu (born Keiki) was the seventh son of Tokugawa Nariaki, the daimyo of Mito (one of the lesser Tokugawa houses). Keiki was an intelligent child, and so to further his chances he was adopted into the Hitotsubashi. Upon the death of Shogun Iesada in 1858, Keiki was nominated to replace him, but this was opposed by Ii Naosuke who propelled the incompetent Iemochi into the post. Keiki and his family were placed under house-arrest. In 1860, Ii Naosuke was assassinated at the Sakurado gate of Edo Castle, and then in 1862 Keiki was appointed to the Roju (5-man Council of Elders), and participated in the defeat of Choshu forces in 1864. In 1866, Iemochi died and the only real candidate for the post was Keiki. Keiki was duly declared Shogun and had his name changed (to Yoshinobu). He encouraged limited modernization (such as the French military mission) but the Bakufu was dying, and when the allied armies of Choshu, Satsuma and Tosa defeated the Shogun’s forces (the Boshin War), Shogun Yoshinobu retired to Shizuoka, the last Shogun and the beginning of Taisei Hokan (Imperial restoration).


____________________________________

Sources;

-http://www.wikipedia.org.

-Adolphson, M.S., The Gates of Power; Monks, Courtiers, and Warriors in Premodern Japan (University Of Hawaii, 2000)
-Brownlee, J.S., The Shokyu War and the Political rise of the warriors, in Monumenta Nipponica 24:59-77 (1969)
-Collcutt, M., Kings of Japan? The Political Authority of the Ashikaga Shoguns, in Monumenta Nipponica 37:523-529 (1982)
-Dolan, R.E, & Worden, R.L (eds), Japan: A Country Study (US Federal Research Division, 1994)
-Grossberg, K.A., From feudal chieftain to Secular Monarch: The Development of Shogunal Power in Early Muromachi Japan, in Monumenta Nipponica 31:29-49 (1976)
-Hall, J.W., Nagahara, K., & Yamamura, K. (eds), Japan Before Tokugawa: Political Consolidation and Economic Growth, 1500-1650 (Princeton University Press, 1981)
-Mason, R.H.P. and Caiger, J.G., A History of Japan (Tuttle, 1997)
-Mass, J.P., & Hauser, B., The Bakufu in Japanese History (Stanford University Press, 1985)
-Mitsuo K., Samurai; An Illustrated History (Tuttle, 2002)
-Sansom, G.B., A History of Japan, Volumes I-III (Stanford University Press, 1989)
-Turnbull, S., The Samurai; A Military History (Routledge

[Gubook Janggoon]

Good stuff...definitely deserves to be pinned.

[caocao74]

Gubuk Janggoon, on Jan 15 2005, 09:57 AM, said:

Good stuff...definitely deserves to be pinned.

<{POST_SNAPBACK}>

Thanks, pin away

[Nagaeyari]

I don't have my books with me, but during the early Heian expeditions against the Emishi, weren't taishogun specifically in charge of three armies--and therefore three generals ("shogun"). This can be found in one of Friday's works in either Monumenta Nipponica or Journal of Japanese Studies. When I can, I'll get you the exact article name.

Nagaeyari

[shawn]

What were some of the tactics, strategies used by the shoguns? What about the formations used during battles? What about conscriptions?

[Nagaeyari]

shawn, on Jan 10 2007, 05:39 AM, said:

What were some of the tactics, strategies used by the shoguns? What about the formations used during battles? What about conscriptions?

In my post, I'll be using "shogun" instead of "shoguns", the former is how plurialized Japanese words are rendered.

If you are taking pre 1192 shogun (and therefore a general for expeditions), that's something I'd like to know. The only way to know is to look at the Gunki Monogatari. I have a few translations (both in journals and in books) of pre-1192 tales---by reading their descriptions, you'd be able to get an idea of the tactics.

After 1192, the shogunate became institutionalized--however, it wasn't for some time that the shogun became far, far removed from daily warfare. But, it must be understood that because the shogun is at the pinnacle of the military government, he didn't have much to do with battlefield tactics. Those that did--which you may be thinking of--were called "daimyo".

As for conscription--

Conscription and corvee labor has a long history in Japan. Even before the great land clearing/land alottments (jourisei) of the 8th century, 5th century Great Kings would use great numbers of men to build kofun, waterways, clear land, build chiefly residences, etc...

In the same way, the early shogun (who were being sent out against the Emishi in Mutsu and Dewa) used large numbers of conscripted troops. Emishi that became subservient to the Yamato government were called 'fushuu' 俘囚. These subservient Emishi were even given positions within the political hierarchy of the Yamato system. They were made district chiefs--with the highest 'fushuu' being the 'fushuuchou' 俘囚長. The shogun that were sent out against the rebellious Emishi conscripted 'fushuu', in a tactic known as "using Emishi to conquer Emishi".

If you are interested in battlefield tactics for the Sengoku perod, I recommend looking at any number of Stephen Turnbull's books. I don't recommend them for serious study--but for someone trying to learn the basics, they're highly accessible. If you do a search in CHF for "Turnbull", you'll be able to see some of your forum members' thoughts on the man.

Military history isn't really my thing, so I'll stop here. If I remember anything earth-shattering, I'll edit my post.

This post has been edited by Nagaeyari: 10 January 2007 - 03:13 PM

[shawn]

Nagaeyari, on Jan 11 2007, 02:14 AM, said:

In my post, I'll be using "shogun" instead of "shoguns", the former is how plurialized Japanese words are rendered.

If you are taking pre 1192 shogun (and therefore a general for expeditions), that's something I'd like to know. The only way to know is to look at the Gunki Monogatari. I have a few translations (both in journals and in books) of pre-1192 tales---by reading their descriptions, you'd be able to get an idea of the tactics.

After 1192, the shogunate became institutionalized--however, it wasn't for some time that the shogun became far, far removed from daily warfare. But, it must be understood that because the shogun is at the pinnacle of the military government, he didn't have much to do with battlefield tactics. Those that did--which you may be thinking of--were called "daimyo".

As for conscription--

Conscription and corvee labor has a long history in Japan. Even before the great land clearing/land alottments (jourisei) of the 8th century, 5th century Great Kings would use great numbers of men to build kofun, waterways, clear land, build chiefly residences, etc...

In the same way, the early shogun (who were being sent out against the Emishi in Mutsu and Dewa) used large numbers of conscripted troops. Emishi that became subservient to the Yamato government were called 'fushuu' 俘囚. These subservient Emishi were even given positions within the political hierarchy of the Yamato system. They were made district chiefs--with the highest 'fushuu' being the 'fushuuchou' 俘囚長. The shogun that were sent out against the rebellious Emishi conscripted 'fushuu', in a tactic known as "using Emishi to conquer Emishi".

If you are interested in battlefield tactics for the Sengoku perod, I recommend looking at any number of Stephen Turnbull's books. I don't recommend them for serious study--but for someone trying to learn the basics, they're highly accessible. If you do a search in CHF for "Turnbull", you'll be able to see some of your forum members' thoughts on the man.

Military history isn't really my thing, so I'll stop here. If I remember anything earth-shattering, I'll edit my post.

How do you do research for these information?

[Nagaeyari]

Knowing the right authors is important. Some authors will simply glaze over these subjects--but I find them extremely fascinating.

Books and articles that go into fabulous detail:

Capital and Countryside in Japan, 300-1180
The Cambridge History of Japan Volume Two: Heian Japan
Hired Swords
Heavenly Warriors
Pushing beyond the Pale: The Yamato Conquest of the Emishi and Northern Japan

------------------------------------------------------------------------

One thing I recently learned from Marius B. Jansen's Warrior Rule in Japan was that the early Kamakura shogun didn't view their position (shogun) as important as we tend to think they did. Apparently, the Hojo regents are the ones that imbued the position with the reputation it later came to hold. The position of "shogun" wasn't a desired trophy or pinnacle that Yoritomo wished to reach. This is exemplified by the fact that Yoritomo, in 1195, left the office of shogun in order to hold a court position (that of utaisho) that he had earlier held.

Aristocratic warriors viewed the titles bestowed by the Kyoto-based court as more important--it appears they couldn't escape the idea that the Kyoto court and its fancy aristocrats needed impressing. I had never known that before.

What do you think? What have you read on this?

This post has been edited by Nagaeyari: 12 January 2007 - 03:29 PM

[JB_Xyooj]

Great stuff to read something to add on to my Sengoku Knowledge...

The only thing I'm close to knowing is the Great Battle of Nagashino... Between Takeda katsuyori, and Oda Nobunaga... and the Battle of Okehazame... Between the Imagawa Warlord Yoshimitsu, and the Young Nobunaga...

[shawn]

Nagaeyari, on Jan 13 2007, 01:51 AM, said:

Knowing the right authors is important. Some authors will simply glaze over these subjects--but I find them extremely fascinating.

Okay, but how do you do manage to write your own book about shoguns or something like that, like how do write an article without palagrising?

[Nagaeyari]

shawn, on Jan 14 2007, 02:14 AM, said:

Okay, but how do you do manage to write your own book about shoguns or something like that, like how do write an article without palagrising?

The only way to avoid plagiarism is to give credit where credit is due and cite all your sources. Being that there are insightful scholars who are able to read and translate Japanese scholarship (which is almost always ahead of English scholarship in time of deliverance), it's not a weakness to have your book full of their names, book titles, and page numbers. Expanding or getting more detailed on what they've written makes your book a new contribution--or you can keep it basic for a non-specialist Western audience.

[caocao74]

JB_Xyooj, on Jan 14 2007, 03:49 PM, said:

The only thing I'm close to knowing is the Great Battle of Nagashino... Between Takeda katsuyori, and Oda Nobunaga... and the Battle of Okehazame... Between the Imagawa Warlord Yoshimitsu, and the Young Nobunaga...

Imagawa Yoshimoto 今川義元?

[Thaibebop]

This may be a little off topic but if anyone here is interested in reading a really great book, then I suggest Hideyoshi by Mary Elizabeth Berry published by Harvard Press (ISBN 0-674-39026-1)

It is very detailed and spans over military, law, economics, everything. Great read and filled with information.