[caocao74]

CHRONOLOGY OF INDIAN HISTORY
PART ONE-TO THE END OF THE
MAGADHA DYNASTY (184BC)

B.C
THE PRE-VEDIC PERIOD (Pre-3100BC)
6100-
5500 -ADITI RISHI ERA
5500-
4400 -DAKSHA RISHI ERA
4400-
3102 -BIRABHADRA ERA
4241 -Believed that this is when the first 365-day calendar was established, considered by some scholars to be the earliest known date in history.
? -Battle of Kurukshetra, as described in the epic Mahabharata. The date is much debated, placed at either 3201BC (D.R.Mankad), 3137BC (M.M.Krishnamachari), 3127BC (A.N.Chandra), 3102BC (C.V.Vaidya), 3016BC (V.B.Athvale), 2449BC (Probodh Chandra sen Gupta), 2448BC (Varahamihir & Kalhana), 1450BC (Meghnad Saha), 1432BC (Tarakeswar Bhattachaya), 1424BC (the most accepted date, proposed by A.Cunningham & K.P.Jaiswal), 1416BC (Girindra Shekhar Basu), 1400BC (Bankim Chandra Chattopadhay, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, swami Vivekanada, A.D.Pusalkar, H.C.Deb, & Jogesh Chandra Vidyanidhi), 1267BC (B.B.Ketkar), 1197BC (K.L.Daptary & K.G.Shankar), 1191BC (Sri Aurobindo), 1151BC (Sitanath Pradham), 1000BC (L.D.Burnett), 950BC (F.E.Pargiter) and 900BC (Hem Chandra Roy Chowdhuri).

THE VEDIC PERIOD (1st Phase, 3100-2550BC)
3101 -According to Aryabhatta I, the Battle of Kurukshetra occurred in 3101, ushering in the KALI YUGA ERA in 3100, plus the NABHANEDRISTHA RISHI & SHARBANI ATRI RISHI ERAS.
3102-
3100 -Devastating flood, believed to have been that recorded in Indian, Judaic and Babylonian scripts. Manu Vaivaswata was mankind’s saviour according to the Satapatha Brahmana.
3100-
2750 -YAYATI ERA
2750-
2550 -MANDHATA ERA

THE VEDIC PERIOD (2nd Phase, 2550-2150BC)
2550-
2350 -Viswamitra I, a contemporary of King Harishchandra. He was succeeded by Viswamitra II, who established the ‘Nakshatra (celestial studies) System’, a contemporary of Bharata (son of King Dushayanta). The Eras of KARTYAVIRYA ARJUNA, JAMADAGNI, & PARASURAM.
2350-
1950 -Ramchandra and Sita of Ramayana, the great astronomers Garga I and his son Gargya, and Viswamitra III. In this period, the first Aryans reached India.

THE VEDIC PERIOD (3rd Phase, 2150-1400BC)
1895 -Vamdeva.
1630 -Vagambhrini.
1466 -Birth of Krishna of Mahabharata at Mathura.
1439 -The Pandavas at Indraprastha constructed the Crystal Hall, for the coronation of Yudhisthira and the ‘Rajasuya Yajna’.
1424 -Battle of Kurukshetra (?).
1423 -Death of Bhishma Pitamacha, who had established the Pitamaha Siddhanta methodology of celestial studies. Start of the Eras of PARASHARA and Garga II.
-Birth of Parikshit.
1421 -First edition of the Mahabharata, composed by Vyasa Deva.
1410 -Yajnavalkya (author of the Bridadaranyak Upanishad) acknowledged as the leading authority of philosophy.
1409 -Dhritarashtra, Gandhari and Kunti became hermits, before immolating themselves in 1406.

VEDANGA JYOTISH PERIOD (1400-1200BC)
1388 -After the death of Krishna, Yudhistira abdicated in favour of his grandson Parikshit, while the 5 Pandava brothers left for the Himalayas with their consort Draupadi.
1364 -Parikshit killed by Takshaha, and his son Janamejaya became ruler at Indraprastha, before defeating Takshada Nagas. The second edition of the Mahabharata (entitled Bharata Samhita) was composed after being recited to Janamejaya by Vaishampayan.
1316 -Sages’ Conference at Naimisaranya, where the 3rd edition of the Mahabharata was composed after being recited by Ugrashrava Shauti to Saunaka.
1300 -Ashwalayana and Patanjali I recorded the Pole Star (Dhruva Tara).
-The Kauravas abandoned Hastinapur.
1270 -End of the UPANISHAD ERA.
1250 -Beginning of Indian Protohistory, and lasted until 642BC (when the Sisunaga dynasty were established in Magadha).
817 -Birth of Parswanath.
642 -Magadha occupied by Sisunaga, who established their capital at Rajgir. Thus was founded India’s first historical dynasty.
618 -India’s oldest sculptures made (the Parkham and Yakshi statues (now respectively in the Mathura and Calcutta museums).
598 -Mahavira Vardhamana Jnataputra (founder of Jainism) born a prince at Vaisali (d.525BC).
587 -First reputed arrival of Jews at Cochin.
569 -Mahariva renounced wordly possessions.
544 -Gautama (Buddha) (founder of Buddhism) born in Lumbini Garden (now in Nepal) (d.461).
525 -Jain Saint Mahariva died.
520 -Darius of Persia invaded and occupied regions of Gandhar, Kamboj and the Indus.
519 -The Greek general Skylax (in the service of Darius of Persia) sailed down the Indus en route to Persia.
-Imperial power established when Bimbisara took the Magadha throne. He then rebuilt Rajgir.
494 -Ajatasatru starved his father Bimbisara to death, becoming ruler and reestablishing the Hindu religion.
490 -Ajatasatru converted to Buddhism.
461 -Buddha died at Kushinara.
459 -Ajatasara succeeded by Darsaka.
434 -Darsaka succeeded by Udaya, who built the city of Kusumpura on the Ganga.
414 -First Tamil confederacy established.
377 -Buddhist Council held at Vaisali.
369 -King Gopaditya built original temple of Jyestheswara on the Gopadri hill in Srinagar, where he meditated.
361 -Last ruler of the Magadha, Mahapadmanada, born to a lower caste woman. He battled with the Brahmins and Kshatriyas and established the Nanda dynasty in 321BC.
350 -The great Sanskrit grammarian Panini born.
327 -Alexander the Great reached the Indus and defeated Pours (Puru), taking the Punjab. He was then met by Chandragupta Maurya who hoped for Greek assistance to take Magadha. In 325, Alexander left Karachi for Persia.
324 -The Macedonian garrison attacked and Punjab taken by Chandragupta.
321 -Chandragupta (with support from Chanakaya) captured Magadha, from where the Maurya dynasty lasted until 184BC.
317 -Porus (Puru) murdered by the Macedonian governor of the Punjab, Eudemos, and re-assumed his governorship.
305 -King of Syria Seleucus Nikator fought Chandragupta on the Indus. Chandragupta emerged victorious, forcing Seleucus to cede Kabul, Kandahar, Heart and Baluchistan.
302 -The Greek envoy Megasthenes visited India.
297 -Chandragupta died and succeeded by Bindusara Amitraghata (father of Ashoka).
272 -Ashokavardhana (or Ashokapriyadarshin (Emperor Ashoka) ascended the throne in Maghada (crowned in 269BC), which he ruled until 232BC. Those 40 years were a golden age in Indian history.
261 -After the battle of Dhauli Hills (near Bhubaneswar), Ashoka sought peace and time to reflect on the laws of piety and duty. Two years later he forbade the royal hunting of animals, before embracing Buddhism at Sanchi in 257. In 251 he sent his son, Mahendra, and daughter, Sanghamitra, at the head of a Buddhist mission to King Dewanampiya Tissa of Ceylon.
250 -Third Buddhist Council, held at Pataliputra.
249 -Ashoka made a pilgrimage to Lumbini, and nine years later in 240 he became a monk and started wearing a yellow robe.
232 -Death of Ashoka.
220 -Satavahana (Satakharni) dynasty (until 236AD) established at Andhra by Simuka but his cruelty lead to his dethronement and death.
209 -Kharavela of Kalinga born (d.172BC).
206 -Antiochus the Great of Syria invaded NW India.
204 -Death of Arahat Mahendra (Ashoka’s son) in Ceylon.
203 -Death of Sanghamitra (Ashoka’s daughter) in Ceylon.
185 -Kharavela crowned as King of Kalinga.
184 -Pushyamitra Sunga (definitely a Brahmin supporter, perhaps of Persian extraction) killed King Brihadratha and usurped Magadha throne and established Sunga dynasty (until 72BC).

[caocao74]

CHRONOLOGY OF INDIAN HISTORY
PART TWO - TO THE DESTRUCTION OF THE SATAVAHANA

B.C.
180 -The Greek King Menandar invaded NW India, and ruled as an Indo-Greek ruler until 160BC.
174 -Pithunda annihilated by Kharavela and the Tamil confederacy (formed in 414BC) shattered.
173 -Kharavela invaded Magadha.
172 -Kharavela died (b.209BC), the year he organized a conference of Jain scholars on Mt.Kumari in Orissa.
165 -The Buddhist philosopher Nagarjuna born. Also a renowned alchemist, he wrote the Rasa Ratnakar, the beginnings of Indian chemistry.
140 -The Greek Antialkidas became King of Taxila (which he ruled until 130BC).
80 -Malles became the first Saka King of Western India.
72 -The last Sunga King, Devabhuti, killed by his Brahmin minister Vasudeva, who founded the shortlived Kanya dynasty of Magadha (until 27BC).
65 -Buddhism introduced to Han dynasty China.
57 -Vikramaditya avenged his father’s (Gardhabhilla) overthrow by defeating the Saka and becoming King of Ujjian. He founded the VIKRAM Era and built the famed Mahakala temple (destroyed by the Altamas (Illutmis) in 1234AD).
27 -Sata Satkarni killed Susarman, the Kanya King of Magadha, ending the Kanya dynasty.
25 -Mission from Pandya, Chola and Chera travelled to Rome, where they were received by Emperor Augustus in 21BC).
6 -First use of metal (silver and bronze) coinage.

A.D.
10 -Huemo Kadphises I, chief of the Kushana, invaded India and established rule in NW India.
45 -Kadphises I died aged 30, and succeeded by his son Wimakadphises/Kadphises II.
52 -Mission of St.Thomas (Thomas Dadymus) reached India, the first to preach Christianity in India, establishing a church at Mylapore in Madras (St.Thomas’ Church), where he was buried.
67 -Ten thousand Jewish refugees fled after 2nd destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, and settled on the Malabar coast.
69 -Seventh Satavahana King, Hala, ascended the throne, and he oversaw a great patronizing of Prakrit literature.
73 -St.Thomas killed, accidentally by a peacock hunter according to Marco Polo.
78 -Kushana throne ascended by Kanishka, who extended his domain into Punjab and Uttar Pradesh, introduced the SAKA Era.
100 -Kanishka summoned Buddhist Council at Parswa.
111 -Kanishka suffocated to death by his ministers (who feared his ambition). He was succeeded by Hubiska.
119 -Saka rule established in Gujarat and western Rajasthan by Nahapana.
126 -Saka invaders expelled from NW Deccan by Satavahana ruler Vilivayakura II Gautamiputra.
138 -Indian embassy sent to Rome to be received by Emperor Antonius Pius.
145 -Saka King Rudradaman attacked Pulumayi II of the Satavahana.
155 -Ceylon invaded by Pandya army from south India.
180 -Hubiska of Kushana died and succeeded by Vasudeva, who oversaw the rapid decline of Kushana rule.
200 -The monk Chang Yang Sung from China visited Nicobar Island, then Andaman Island (in 209).
226 -Vasudeva of Kushana died, and Kushana power collapsed.
236 -Satavahana power collapsed. A small branch held on (the Chutus) in Vanavasi, in south Maharashtra. The Satavahanas were followed by the Abhiras (‘foreigners’) and ruled for 67 years, the Kalchuri dynasty perhaps founded by Isvarasena.

[Gubook Janggoon]

Just curious, are there any reccords of an entity name Ayuta? That's supposedly where Queen Heo of Bon Gaya was from..

[caocao74]

Gubook Janggoon, on Apr 2 2005, 11:12 AM, said:

Just curious, are there any reccords of an entity name Ayuta?  That's supposedly where Queen Heo of Bon Gaya was from..

Ayuta is also known as Ayodhaya, capital of Kosala and one of the most important of cities in Hindu mythology, appearing the 'Ramayana' (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana).

[caocao74]

CHRONOLOGY OF INDIAN HISTORY
PART THREE – THE GUPTA EMPIRE & HARSHAVARDHANA (275-750 A.D)

A.D.

275 -Simha Varman I founded the Pallava Dynasty of Kanchipuram.
305 -Ghatotkacha, father of Chandragupta I established as ruler in Pataliputra.
320 -Ghatotkacha succeeded by Chandragupta I, thereby establishing the Gupta Dynasty and GUPTA Era.
345 -The Syrian merchant Thomas Cana arrived at Travancore and established a Christian colony.
360 -King Meghavarna of Ceylon sent embassy to court of Samudragupta in Pataliputra to seek permission to erect monastery in Bodh Gaya.
386 -Discovery of the Amarnath shrine of Siva in Kashmir.
399 -Fa-Hian travelled from China to India to collect Buddhist scripts. He didn’t leave until 414 (the year he died).
400 -Chandragupta II Vikramaditya of the Gupta Dynasty moved capital from Pataliputra to Ujjian after defeating the Sakas.
401/412 -Buddhist inscriptions made in (respectively) Udaygiri and Sanchi.
431 -Javanese converted to Buddhism by Crown Prince Gunavarman of Kashmir, before dying in Nanking.
432 -Buddhist inscriptions made in Mathura.
455 -The last renowned Gupta ruler of Pataliputra, Skandagupta, acceded (d.480).
-First Hun attack (under Chu-Khan) on Gupta Empire.
457 -Building of the great Jain temple of Girnar in Gujarat.
465 -Huns under Toramana entered India.
470 -Ajaipal of Kanauj killed by Nayan Pal, renaming the people the Kanauj Rathore.
473 -Kesari family took throne of Orissa and held it until 1131.
476 -Birth of the astronomer-mathematician (and alleged inventor of algebra) Aryabhatta I.
495 -Pallabhi Dynasty founded by Senapati Bhatarka in Gujarat after defeating the Maitraka from the NW.
500 -Toramana established Hun control in central India, himself as Maharaja.
505 -Birth of the astronomer-mathematician Varahamihir (d.587).
510 -Toramana defeated (and perhaps killed) by Bhanugupta of the Gupta Dynasty of Pataliputra. Toromana succeeded by his bloodthirsty son Mihirkula, who established his capital at Sialkot in the Punjab.
515 -Ambassador Aditya from an unnamed region ruled by Bhagadhatta sent to China.
522 -Mathematician Bhaskara I born.
524 -King Nasirban of Persia invaded Gujarat, forcing the Rajput king to flee. His queen gave birth to a son in a cave, called Goho or Grahaditya (135th of the Ranas of Udaipur).
525 -The oldest fort in India, Gwalior, built, named after the Hindu saint Gwalipa who allegedly cured the leprous Suraj Sena. It is now a mosque.
528 -Forces of Isana Varman (Yashodharman), King Maukhari of Malwa and King Narasimhagupta Baladitya of Magadha defeated the Huns under Mihirkula, who fled to Kashmir and began his rule there (where he died in 542).
568 -Guhil founded state of Mewar in Rajasthan.
587 -Death of Varahamihir (b.505).
598 -Mathematician Brahmagupta born, who developed the usage of ‘shunya’ (zero).
600 -Mahendravarman I of the Pallava Dynasty ascended the throne.
605 -Death of King Prabhakavardhana of Thaneswar, succeeded by his son Rajyavardhana II (only to killed the next year by King Sasanka of Gaur (Bengal).
-Maukhari King Garahavarman of Kanauj killed by the King of Malwa.
606 -The 17 year old Prince Siladitya (or Harshavardhana) (younger son of Prabhakvardhana of Thaneswar) took thrones of Thaneswar and Kanauj (but not crowned until 612).
609 -Chalukya Prince Pulakesin II reached maturity but his uncle Mangalesha refused to give up his regency. A civil war resulted in the regent’s death.
610 -Sasanka of Bengal captured Orissa.
612 -Formal coronation of Harshavardhan, who took the title ‘Rajputra’.
-Rajputra held religious conference in Prayag.
620 -Bana wrote the Harsha-Charita.
624 -Kubja Vishnuvardhan I (brother of King Pulakesin II of Maharashtra) established the Chalukya Dynasty of eastern Vengi in Andhra Pradesh.
625 -Pulakesin II sent embassy to King Khusru II of Persia.
629 -Hiuen Tsang (b.600, d.664) travelled overland to India, and remained there until 645.
-India’s first mosque built (the Cheramon mosque) in Cranaganore in Kerala. Interestingly, it faced east, not towards Mecca, and doesn’t possess a minaret, dome or arch.
635 -Buddhist monks from China introduced fireworks to India.
636 -First record of an Arab expedition to India, under Governor Uthman-ath-Thakafi of Bahrain, plundering the west coast.
637 -King sasanka of Gaur (Bengal) died, ushering in turmoil in Bengal under the time of King Gopala in 750.
641 -Rajputra dispatched Brahmin envoy to court of the Emperor Tang Taizong in China.
642 -Chalukya King Pulakesin II of Maharashtra defeated by King Narasimhavarman I of the Pallava Dynasty of Kanchipuram.
643 -Rajputra launched his final campaign, against Ganjam, before dying in 647.
647 -Tang Taizong sent his envoy, Wang Hiuen Tse to Rajputra’s court, but the throne had been usurped by Arjuna who attacked the Tang envoy, forcing his flight to Tibet.
648 -King Strong-Tsan Gampo of Tibet dispatched army to take Trihut of Bihar (which remained under Tibetan rule until 703).
-Death of Brahmagupta (b.598).
649 -Second Somnath temple built, and consecrated by the Pallabhi ruler Dharmasena IV of Gujarat.
657 - Wang Hiuen Tse again visited India via Nepal, visiting Vaisali and Bodh Gaya, before returning to China via Afghanistan and Pamir.
662 -Astronomer Munjala wrote the Laghumanasa Ganakatarangini.
672 -I-Tsing reached India, residing at the Nalanda monastery from 675 until his return to China in 695.
680 -Jaya Varma commenced his rule in Orissa, the first dominating ruler of the Ganga Dynasty.
688 -Garhwal Dynasty of Tehri-Gahrwal founded by Raja Kanak Pal of the Dharangare family, and it existed for 61 direct generations until merged into the independent state of India in 1947.
694 -Malla Kings estanlished small state in Bishnupur region of Bengal, which surprisingly remained independent until annexed by the British in 1806.
710 -Hindu authorities seized an Arab trading vessel from Basra in the mouth of the Indus.
712 -Sind and Debal captured by Arab forces under Muhammad Bin Quasim. King Dahir defeated and killed at Rawar on 20th June, allowing Muhammad Bin Quasim to take Alor. The queen and other women committed suicide and all males over 17 were executed if they refused to convert to Islam. Sind remained a Muslim state, but Arab control ended in 779.
713 -Bappa of Guhila (Gehlote) Dynasty of Mewor born, theoretically 148th descendant of Brahma.
-Arab forces captured Multan.
724 -Lalitaditya I Muktapida of Naga/Karataka Dynasty succeded to the throne of Kashmir.
731 -King Yashovarmana of Kanauj sent embassy to the Emperor Tang Xuanzong to request assistance against his enemies.
735 -Throne of Chittogarh (of Manmori of the Paramar Dynasty) captured by Guhila Khuman (son of Bappa), establishing the Guhila Dynasty of Mewar.
736 -Anangapal Tuar founded the city of Dhillika, the first Tomaras (Tuars) city in Delhi. Tomaras rule in India lasted until 1151.
740 -King Yashovarmana of Kanauj slain by Lalitaditya I of Maktapida of Kashmir.
745 -For the first time, Parsees arrived, landing at Sanjam in Gujarat.
746 -Foundations of Anhilwara Patan of Rajasthan laid by Prince Vanaraja of Deo.
750 -Due to the turmoil in Bengal started with the death of Sasanka in 637, the people rose up and made Gopala king (who ruled until 770), who founded the Pala Dynasty in eastern India (which survived for about 400 years).

[Gubook Janggoon]

caocao74, on Apr 3 2005, 08:47 AM, said:

Ayuta is also known as Ayodhaya, capital of Kosala and one of the most important of cities in Hindu mythology, appearing the 'Ramayana' (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana).

What's the time period for this?

[caocao74]

Gubook Janggoon, on Apr 4 2005, 03:04 AM, said:

What's the time period for this?

Ayodhya (अयोध्या) (translated as "Not to be warred against") is a very old city, and features in the Ramayana, which was written about 250 years BC, although it is about Raghuvamsa, a line of Hindu warrior-kings, with some writers taking the line back 8000 years.

[Gubook Janggoon]

Thanks.

[wuTao]

caocao74, on Apr 4 2005, 07:09 AM, said:

Ayodhya (अयोध्या) (translated as "Not to be warred against") is a very old city, and features in the Ramayana, which was written about 250 years BC, although it is about Raghuvamsa, a line of Hindu warrior-kings, with some writers taking the line back 8000 years.

Is Ayodhya still around today? What is it called in modern day India?

Also, on a tangent, I'm pretty sure I read in some book the Thais named their kingdom, Ayutthaya, after Ayodhya. Do you perhaps know the background story of how the Thais picked this name, if there is any besides the obvious "Not to be warred against"? What was happening at the time to make the Thais want to give their kingdom such a meanacing name?

[caocao74]

wuTao, on Apr 8 2005, 03:49 PM, said:

Is Ayodhya still around today? What is it called in modern day India?
Also, on a tangent, I'm pretty sure I read in some book the Thais named their kingdom, Ayutthaya, after Ayodhya. Do you perhaps know the background story of how the Thais picked this name, if there is any besides the obvious "Not to be warred against"? What was happening at the time to make the Thais want to give their kingdom such a meanacing name?

Ayodhya is still there today, and was the temporarily in the international news in the 90s after Hindu rioters fought local Muslims over the building of a Hindu temple on the site of a 16th Century mosque. Sad events and 2000+ were killed.

Ayutthaya (พระนครศรีอยุธยา) or Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya was founded by U-Thong (who was descended from Chinese merchants), and named it after Ayodhya, because his hero was Rama, central character of the Ramayana, and hence he took the name Ramathibodi I.

[caocao74]

CHRONOLOGY OF INDIAN HISTORY
PART FOUR – GUJARA-PRATIHARA, RASTRAKUTA, THE PALA EMPIRE OF BENGAL AND THE CHOLAS OF TANJORE (c.750-1000AD)

750 -After the anarchy that had swept the country since the death of Sasanka in 637, the people of Bengal chose Gopala as king, founding the Pala Dynasty in eastern India.
760 -Krishna I succeeded to the throne of Rastrakutas. His reign was famous for the rock-cut temple of Kailasha of Ellora.
764 -Bappa defeated by the 21st Caliph Al Mansoor, and departed India for Persia.
770 -Gopala succeeded by Dharmapala. During his reign the power of the Pala dominated northern India.
774 -A Jewish colony established in Cochin.
779 -Jayapida Vinayaditya ascended the throne of Kashmir, reviving the glory of the Naga (Karataka) Dynasty (after 19 years of weak rulers after the death of Lalitaditya).
784 -Harivansa Purana of the Digambar Jains completed by Jinasena.
788 -The Mathematician Adi Sankarachaya born in Kaladi (in Kerala).
794 -Govinda III (son of Dhruva) succeeded as the Rastrakuta King, expanding the territory of his state over a much larger area, and moving the capital from Nasik to Manyakheta. He ruled until 814.
795 -Mahashivagupta Yayati II came to the throne of part of Orissa, beginning the rule of the Kesari Dynasty, and championing the cause of Brahmanism.
809 -The physician Manikya called to the court of Harun-ur-Rashid of Arabia.
810 -Devapala became King of Bengal. During his reign he deposed the King of Kanauj to place his own nominee.
814 -Amoghavarsha I (son of Govinda III) became the Rastrakuta King.
816 -One Nagabhata (a descendant of the Nagabhata of the Gujarat-Pratihara Dynasty) captured Kanauj from Devapala’s nominee. His descendants ruled Kanauj until Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni captured the region in 1017.
820 -Adi Sankarachaya attained Samadhi at Badrinath.
825 -Krishna Upendra commenced Paramar rule of Malwa.
831 -First notice given to the Chandellas of Bundelkhand/Jejekabhukti, after Nanika Chandella overthrew a Parihar chief and became Lord of Bundelkhand.
840 -Mihira Pratihara/Raja Bhoj became King of Gurjara-Pratihara Empire. He ruled until 855.
846 -Vijayalaya established the Chola Dynasty of Tanjore (Thanjavur).
855 -Avantivarman of Uptala Dynasty commenced his oppressive reign in Kashmir.
885 -Mahendrapala I (son of Raja Bhoj) succeeded to the Gurjara-Pratihara throne. In his reign the Empire reached its zenith, particularly after the Palas of Bengal were driven out of Magadha.
894 -Idol of Srinanganathaswamy of Srirangapatnam installed.
916 -Mahipala I of the Gurjara-Pratihara defeated by Indra III of the Ratsrakuta of the Deccan, who captured Kanauj and plundered Pratihara territory right up to the region of Prayag (near Allahabad).
942 -Solanki Dynasty of Anhilwara founded by Mularaja when he became King of Gujarat.
949 -Chola King Rajaditya I killed in battle against the Rastrakutas.
950 -Kshemagupta of Pravagupta Dynasty became King of Kashmir, and married Didda, daughter of King Simharaja of Laharu; the most infamous couple in Indian history due to their oppressive rule and (after his death) her promiscuity and the murder of her grandsons Tribhuvana and Bhimagupta.
-Aryabhatta II of Kusumapura wrote treatise on astronomy, the Arya Siddharta or Maha Sidharta.
955 -Dhanga succeeded to the Chandella throne.
967 -Dhola Rai (the expelled son of Sova Singh of Gwalior) established foundations of the Dhandoor state (later the state of Amber, then Jaipur).
973 -Nurmadi Taila II established Chalukya Dynasty in Kalyani of South India. He spent much of reign fighting Munja, the Paramar Raja of Dhar (before Munja was caught and beheaded in 995).
-The physicist, astronomer, philosopher, chemist, and Sanskrit scholar Al Biruni/Abu Ar Rayhan Muhammed Bin Ahmed born in Birun of Uzbekistan (d.048).
977 -Chandella King Dhanga of Khajuraho and King Jaipal of Lahore jointly opposed Subuktigin.
979 -King Jaipal of Lahore agreed a treaty of Subuktigin at Luckman.
981 -17-metre tall statue of Gomateshwara erected by King Virapandiya on Vindhya (Indragiri) hill at Sravanbelagola.
982 -The Buddhist sage of Magadha, Atisa (Dipankar Srijana) born (d.1053 in Lhasa).
997 -Chalukya throne passed to Satyashraya after his Taila died. His reign was marked by heavy suffering caused by the attacks of Chola King Rajaraja I.

[caocao74]

CHRONOLOGY OF INDIAN HISTORY
PART FIVE – THE RAIDS OF MAHMUD OF GHAZNI TO THE CHALUKYAS OF THE SOUTH (1000-1300AD)

1000 -The first recorded presence of the Turk Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni threatening the northern frontier.
1001 -Sultan Mahmud’s first expedition into India, launching a jihad against the Hindus. He defeated King Jaipal at Peshawar (who burnt himself to death, and was succeeded by his son Anandapal). Mahmud launched 13 further expeditions, the last in 1026.
1006 -Mahmud captured the fortress of Bhatia (in the Bikaner Desert) after launching his 2nd expedition (against Raja Bhira Rao), then his 3rd expedition (against Wali of Multan).
1007 -Mahmud’s 4th expedition (against Sukpal, a Muslim convert).
1009 -Mahmud’s 5th expedition (against Anandapal), capturing Nagarkote near Lahore, ravaging the temples in search of gold and silver, nd 6th expedition, capturing Narain, the capital of Matsya.
1010 -Mahmud’s 7th expedition (against Abul Fath Lodi, his own governor in some of the conquered territories).
-Raja Bhoj (of the Paramar Dynasty) ascended the throne of Malwa, until defeated by the armies of Gujarat and Chedi in 1060.
-Chola King Rajaraja I consecrated the Siva temple Brihadeeswara at Thanjuvar.
1012 -Rajaraja I and his son Rajendra I ruled jointly for 2 years, during which time Rajendra completed the conquest of Ceylon.
1013 -Mahmud’s 8th expedition, this time purely for plunder.
1014 -Mahmud’s 9th expedition (aimed at Thaneswar, which was sacked).
1015 -Mahmud’s 10th expedition (against Kashmir), but he failed to get beyond Lohkot (Lahore).
1017 -Mahmud’s 11th expedition (seizing Kanauj and Mathura).
-Birth of the Vaishnav philosopher Acharaya Ramanuja in Sriperumbudur in Chinglepet.
1021 -Mahmud’s 12th expedition, allegedly in support of the King of Kanauj who was being attacked by King Nanda of Kalanjara. He defeated Trilochanapala of Lahore and annexed Lahore.
1023 -Mahmud’s 13th expedition, besieging Gwalior and forcing terms from King Nanda, the Chandella Raja of Kalanjara.
-Chola King Rajendra I of Tanjore attacked Mahipala I of Bengal, bringing under his rule most of western and southern Bengal, under a new dynasty called the Senas.
1026 -Mahmud’s 14th (and last) expedition, mainly aimed at the Somnath temple which he brutally destroyed despite the bravery of the 50,000 defenders who gave their lives.
1027 -Reconstruction of the Sun Temple of Modhera in Gujarat by Bhimdev I.
-Nrikampa of the Hoysala Dynasty established his rule in Dorasmudra (Karnataka).
1029 -Khajuraho completed the temple Kandrariya Mahadev (commenced in 1017).
1030 -Death of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, much to the relief of northern India.
1032 -The Jain merchant Vimal Shah built the Vrishavadeva Jain temple of Dilwara on Mount Abu.
1034 -Masud, son of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni attacked & seized Kashmir.
1038 -Mission of Atipa sent to Tibet.
1053 -Atisa died near Lhasa in Tibet.
1059 -King Somesvara I of the Chalukya defeated Chola King Rajadhiraja at Koppam in Mysore, then King Raja Karna of Chedi, but a terrible disease then affected Somesvara, prompting him to allegedly drown himself (in 1069) to stop the agony.
1063 -Sena Kings of Bengal established Nabadwip town of Nadia, their new capital.
1070 -Karnavati founded by Karnadeva of Gujarat at present-day Ahmedabad so named from 1411).
-Katha Sarit Sagar written by Somdeva Bhatta.
1076 -Vikramaditya VI assumed Chalukya throne of Kalyani.
1077 -Chalukya (Eastern) King Koluttanga Chodadeva I sent embassy of 72 merchants to China.
1089 -Utkarsha succeeded Kalasadeva of Kashmir, but then committed suicide the next year, to be succeeded by his brother Harshadeva. His rule was harsh, and the dynasty died with him in 1111.
1097 -Vijaya sena succeeded Hemanta Sena, who went on to capture all of Bengal and end Pala rule (after defeating Madanapala).
1114 -The mathematician-astronomer Bhaskaracharya II born (d.1185).
1117 -Channa Kesava (Vishnu) temple of Halebid consecrated by the Hoysala King Tribhuvanamalla Vishnuvardhana.
1120 -Udayadya of the Hoysala Dynasty built the town of Srirangapatam.
1131 -Chodagangadeva of the Ganga Dynasty of Orissa came to power.
1150 -Siddhantasiromoni written by Bhaskaracharya II.
1151 -Visala Deva (a Chauhan chief of Ajmer) became King of Delhi.
1156 -State of Jaisalmer founded by Jaisal of the Bhati tribe (a branch of the Jadu Race).
1159 -King Ballala Sena of Bengal came to power.
1169 -Gita Govinda written by the poet Jayadeva of Kendubilla village in Bengal.
1173 -Ghiasuddin ascended to the Ghazni throne, co-ruling with his brother Muizuddin. He later became known as Muhammad Ghori (the real founder of Muslim power in India).
1175 -Multan captured by Muhammad Ghori during his first invasion of India.
1178 -Muhammad Ghori defeated by King Bhimadeva of Gujarat as he attempted to invade Gujarat.
1182 -Chandel Raja Paramardideva of Khajuraho defeated by Prithviraj Chauhan II who captured Mahoba.
1185 -Death of the astronomer Bhaskaracharya (b.1114).
1187 -The famed fortress Devagiri (later the Daulatabad) near Aurangabad built by the Hindu King Daloma of Devagiri.
1190 -Hoysala King of Mysore achieved full independence from the Chalukyas of Kalyani (until 1200).
1191 -Muhammad Ghori defeated by Hindu forces under Prithviraj Chauhan II at the 1st Battle of Tarain.
1192 -Prithviraj Chauhan II defeated (then executed) by Muhammad Ghori and Qutub-ud-din-Aibek at the 2nd Battle of Tarain, before Muhammad Ghori continued his march on Delhi.
1193 -Muhammed Ghori and Qutub-ud-din-Aibek attacked Jaichand (Prithviraj II’s father-in-law) at Kanauj, who drowned trying to flee.
-Qutub-ud-din-Aibek established Delhi as the seat of Muslim power in India.
1194 -Qutub-ud-din-Aibek attacked Ayodhya (which remained under Muslim rule until taken by the British in 1856), while Muhammad Khilji (son of Bakhtiar Khilji) seized Bihar.
1195 -Qutub-ud-din-Aibek defeated revolt in Ajmer led by Bhiraj/Hamir (brother of Prithviraj II), while Muhammad Ghori took Varanasi.
1196 -Parihar Raja surrendered Gwalior to the Khiljis, replaced by a governor, Sumsuddin Altamas/Iltumish (Qutub-ud-din-Aibek’s son-in-law).
1197 -Qutub-ud-din-Aibek sacked Anhilwara, capital of Gujarat.
1202 -Qutub-ud-din-Aibek defeated Chandel Raja Paramardideva, ending the glory-years of the Chandella Dynasty.
1203 -Famed Vikramsila University, established near Bhagalpur by Raja Dharampala of Bengal, destroyed by Bakhtiar Khilji, who then attacked and forced the flight of King Lakshmana Sena II of Bengal.
1205 -Bakhtiar Khilji defeated by Assam rulers after returning from Tibet.
1206 -Qutub-ud-din-Aibek crowned at Lahore, and in Delhi as Sultan, making him effectively the first Muslim ruler of India establishing the so-called Slave Dynasty (since he was a slave prior to joining Muhammad Ghori).
-Bakhtier Khilji assassinated by Ali Mardan, who then escaped to join Qutub-ud-din-Aibek in Delhi.
1210 -Qutub-ud-din-Aibek died in Lahore after a polo accident, and was succeeded by his son Aram Shah.
1211 -Aram deposed by Samsuddin ALtamas (or Iltumish), slave and son-in-law of Qutub-ud-din.
1212 -Shivaji established Rathor (Rao) rulership of Jodhpur.
1216 -Iltumish defeated Tajuddin Yilduz at the Battle of Tarain, who was sent to Budaun and executed.
1217 -Iltumish recaptured Lahore from Nasiruddin Qubucha.
1221 -Genghis Khan made first Mongol appearance in NW India, in search of Prince Jalaluddin Mangbarni of Khwarizm. The Khan left the next year via the Hindu Kush, forcing Iltumish to seek routes to avoid contact.
1225 -Iltumish forced submission of Ghiasuddin I’waz, who had proclaimed himself the independent Sultan of Bengal. He reestablished himself after Iltumish returned to Delhi.
1227 -Iltumish sent his son, Nasiruddin, to Bengal, to capture Lakshmanavati and its ruler, Ghiasuddin (who was killed).
1228 -Ahoms went to Assam from Thailand, ousting the Tibetan-Mongoloid Bodos, although the Bodos kingdom of Kachari was not extinguished until 1854. By 1230 the Ahoms had taken Assam, Chu Kapha becoming the first Ahom Raja of Assam.
1234 -Iltumish plundered Ujjain and destroyed the marvelous Mahakala temple (built in 57 BC on the orders of Vikramaditya).
1235 -Saint Khwaja Qutubddin Bakhtiyar al-Kaki died in Delhi.
1236 -Death of Iltumish in Delhi, succeeded by his 2nd son, Ruknuddin Feroz Shah. He was then removed by court officials after only 6 months (allegedly because of his vices) and executed (along with his mother, Shah Turkan). He was replaced by his sister Raziya, the only woman to be a Sultan in Delhi.
1238 -Narasimha Deva I of Ganga Dynasty became King of Orissa.
1240 -Sultan Raziya (and her husband, Altuniya) defeated and killed by army of Turkish nobles, angered by her favouritism of the Abyssinian slave Jalaluddin Yakut, at Kaithal near Karnal. Succeeded (but only temporarily) by the third son of Iltumish, Muizuddin Behram Shah.
1241 -Lahore captured then destroyed by Mongol army under Bahadur Tair.
1242 -Royal House of Bundi founded by Rao Devsinghi after killing the local tribal chieftain, Jeta Mina.
-Army of Sultan Muizuddin Behram Shah revolted in Delhi, killing him and installing the young son of Ruknuddin Feroz Shah, Alauddin Masud Shah.
1246 -Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah I succeeded to the throne of Delhi and established his 20-year reign.
1253 -Birth of the Urdu poet-intellectual Amir Hasan Yaminuddin Khusru.
1254 -Vira Narasimha III became Hoysala ruler, during whose reign was constructed the famed Prasanna Prasanna Channa Kesava temple.
1255 -Famous Konarak temple consecrated, but despite its brilliance it was never completed.
1256 -Embassy of Hulagu Khan arrived at court of Nasiruddin, received by chief minister Ghiasuddin Balban.
1257 -Governor Mughisuddin Yuzbak of Bengal led expedition to Kamrup (Assam), where he was defeated and killed. His death meant Delhi’s authority was reestablished in Bengal.
1261 -Thohar Chand established Chand Dynasty of Kumaon, which lasted over 500 years.
1266 -Nasiruddin Muhammad Shah I died, and succeeded by his son-in-law (he had no sons of his own) Ghiasuddin Balban (Ulugh Khan), who became a notoriously cruel ruler who refused to offer promotions or even to smile.
1268 -Prasanna Channa Kesava (Vishnu) temple of Srirangapatnam constructed by General Somanatha of the Hoysala Dynasty.
1270 -The Maharashtrian poet Sant Namdeo born at Narasi Bamani (d.1338).
1275 -Muhammad (son of Balban) defeated Mongol raiders in northern India.
1281 -Balban (and his 2nd son, Bughra Khan) attacked Mughisuddin Tughril Khan of Bengal, who was captured and beheaded.
1285 -Muhammad (son of Balban) killed by Mongol raiders in the Punjab.
1286 -Balban abdicated (heart-broken after the death of Muhammad) in favour of his grandson Kai Khusru.
1287 -Balban died, then Kai Khusru ousted by his cousin Muizuddin Kaikobad (another grandson of Balban).
1288 -Marco Polo visted Kayal, a port of the Pandya kingdom. He then visited a number of places on the West coast from Cape Comorin to Somnath.
1290 -Muizuddin Kaikobad proved a poor ruler and was killed in his bed. He was succeeded by the Khiliji chief Feroz Shah, taking the name Sultan Jalaluddin Khilji, killing the Kayumars (infant sons of Muizuddin Kaikobad) and thus ending the Slave Dynasty of Delhi.
1292 -Mongols invaded India under Abdullah (grandson of Hulagu Khan). Peace was bought with humiliating terms by Sultan Jalaluddin, allowing Ulgu Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan) to settle in Delhi (where he converted to Islam).
-Sohanpal established the Bundela Kingdom.
1293 -Marco Polo visited southeast Indian port of Kayal for the 2nd time.
1294 -Alauddin (son-in-law of Jalaluddin) crossed the Narmada River, the first Muhammedan threat to the Deccan.
1296 -Jalaluddin killed by the assasins Muhammad Salim and Ikhtiyaruddin (appointed by Alauddin, who then rushed to Delhi and deposed Ruknuddin Ibrahim Shah I (son of Jalaluddin). He took the name Muhammad Shah I.
1297 -Alauddin conquered Gujarat, defeating the last independent king, Raja Karna II Vaghela. Raja Kharna fled with his family, but the queen Kamala Devi was captured and married to Alauddin, the first recorded marriage between a Muslim ruler and a Hindu princess.
1298 -The Mongol chief Qutlugh Khan advanced across the Indus on Delhi, but his massive host of allegedly 200,000 routed by Alauddin in 1299.

[Yun]

Quote

1292 -Mongols invaded India under Abdullah (grandson of Hulagu Khan). Peace was bought with humiliating terms by Sultan Jalaluddin, allowing Ulgu Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan) to settle in Delhi (where he converted to Islam).

What was the role of Ulgu Khan in Delhi? And what did Alauddin deal with him after seizing power?

Quote

1298 -The Mongol chief Qutlugh Khan advanced across the Indus on Delhi, but his massive host of allegedly 200,000 routed by Alauddin in 1299.

Any details of this battle? I hadn't heard of this Mongol defeat previously.

[caocao74]

Yun, on Apr 25 2005, 12:41 AM, said:

What was the role of Ulgu Khan in Delhi? And what did Alauddin deal with him after seizing power?
Any details of this battle? I hadn't heard of this Mongol defeat previously.

Ulgu Khan embraced Islam, married a daughter of the Sultan Jalad-ud-din, and settled in the quarters of Delhi called Mughalpura. However, I haven't heard of any particular role he may have been given, or what happened to him after Alauddin killed Jalad-ud-din.
Regarding the battle, in many histories (admittedly English translations of Indian works) the invasion was one of many, but only countered by a force of Indian troops approaching half a million. I'm still scratching around for a few more details.

[caocao74]

CHRONOLOGY OF INDIAN HISTORY
PART SIX – TURKISH POWER &
THE SULTANATE OF DELHI (1300-1525)

1301 -Hamir became the ruler of Mewar, virtually the only Hindu prince with any authority in India at that time.
1303 -Alauddin captured and sacked Chittorgarh, at which time Padmani (wife of Rana Bhim Singh) and several hundred other court ladies threw themselves into a fire.
-Mongol raiders under Targhi reached the gates of Delhi, but retired after two months.
1305 -Raja Mahlak Deva of Malwa killed in the defeat by Alauddin’s army, under Ainul Malik. Ujjain, Mandu, Dhar and Chanderi annexed, while Ainul Malik became Governor of Malwa.
1306 -Mongol army under Kabak crossed the Indus, but were defeated by Alauddin’s army, under Gazi Malik. Three-thousand Mongol prisoners were crushed by elephants on Alauddin’s orders.
-Alauddin sent an army into southern India under the converted Hindu slave Malik Kafur. He captured Kamala Devi’s daughter, Devala Devi, near Ellora and carried her back to be married to Alauddin’s son, Khizr Khan.
1307 -A Mongol chief called Iqbalmand crossed the Indus, but was defeated and killed by Alauddin. It was the last attempted Mongol invasion during Alauddin’s reign.
-Alauddin sent Malik Kafur to capture Devagiri fort (Daulatabad), which he took through treachery rather than force. Raja Ramdeva was captured and sent to Delhi as a prisoner, but Alauddin reinstated him as a tributary of Delhi until his death in 1312.
1311 -Malik Kafur left Daulatabad and attacked Dorasamudra (Halebid), the Hoysala capital of Raja Vira Ballala III. Halebid finally fell to Muslim forces in 1327. Malik Kafur then headed further south and reached Cape Comorin, before returning to Delhi.
1312 -Yadava ruler of Devagiri, Ramdeva, died, and his rebellious son, Sankara, defeated by Malik Kafur. Devagiri was captured and the whole of the Marathawada came under the rule of Delhi.
1315 -Jayasimha became King of Trigarta (Kangra), which remained independent until British rule in the 19th Century.
1316 -Alauddin fell ill, then died, presumably at Malik Kafur’s hand. He assumed the throne for just 35 days until murdered by Sahib-ud-din Umar Shah (son of Alauddin), who ascended the throne but soon died. He was succeeded by Qutub-ud-din Mubarak Khilji (Alauddin’s 3rd son), who reigned until 1320.
1318 -Harapala (son-in-law of Ramdeva of Devagiri) revolted against Muslim rule, but was caught and flayed alive, ending the Yadavas in Devagiri.
1320 -Qutub-ud-din Mubarak Khilji murdered by his favourite, Khusru (a converted Hindu), who ascended the throne as Nasiruddin Khusru Shah. However he was defeated by Governor Gazi Malik of Punjab (a Turkish slave of Balban’s), who became Ghiasuddin Tughlak Shah I, who built the 3rd Delhi city, Tughlakabad.
-A Mongol chief named Zulju invaded Kashmir, forcing the flight of Suha Deva. In the wake of the invasion the Ladakhi prince Rinkana ascended the throne.
1321 -Christian Missionaries Peter, James Thomas and Dometrius killed by Muhammedans at Thane, Maharashtra.
1323 -Juna Khan, son of Ghiasuddin Tughlak Shah, captured the Telengana capital of Warangal, ending the 250 years of Kakatiya rule.
1325 -Juna Khan manufactured his father’s death by having enter a building then crushed by elephants. Juna Khan assumed the throne with the title Muhammad Tughlak Shah II and Ulugh Khan. He established the 4th capital city, Jahanpana.
-Death of the Urdu poet, Amir Khusru (b.1253).
1327 -Muhammad Tughlak Shah II moved capital from Delhi to Devagiri (renamed Daulatabad) to reduce the Mongol threat, but then realizing the immensity of the logistical errors, decided to move the capital to Jahanpana (Delhi).
1329 -Chaghtai chief Tarmashirin Khan of Transoxiana invaded India, ravaging the plains of Delhi before reaching Delhi.
1330 -Muhammad Tughlak Shah II introduced copper and brass coinage, but they were withdrawn in 1333 due the massive numbers of forged coins.
1331 -Saint Burhanuddin Gharib of the Deccan, a disciple of Nizamuddin Aulia, died.
1333 -Ibn Batuta, a North African Arab, reached the court of Muhammad Tughlak Shah II and became a judge.
1335 -The Muslim Governor of Madurai revolted against Delhi rule and established an independent Muslim state.
1336 -Hindu kingdom established in the South, its capital at Vijayanagar, by Sangama Bukka, Harihara and their 4 brothers; the Sangama (or Taluva) Dynasty.
1337 -Bengal and other territories revolted against Muhammad Tughlak Shah II. Bengal remained effectively independent until rule of Akbar (1576).
1338 -The Muslim adventurer from Swat and minister of Udayana Deva (the Hindu Raja of Kashmir), Sams Shah Mirza, seized the throne of Kashmir under the title Shamsuddin Shah.
-Sant Namdeo attained ‘Samadhi’.
1341 -The Yuan Emperor of China, Toghan Timur, sent an embassy to Muhammad Tughlak Shah II’s court.
1342 -Ibn Batuta sent to China by Muhammad Tughlak Shah II. He returned 4 years later.
1346 -The Saskrit Ramayana translator (into Bengali) Krittivasa born in Fulia in West Bengal.
-Hoysala Kingdom conquered by Vijayanagar.
-Shamsuddin Elias Shah, the self-declared Sultan of western Bengal, overran Trihut and reached Kathmandu in Nepal.
1347 -The Afghan (or Turkish) soldier Zafar Khan (alias Alauddin Hasan Gangu)revolted against Delhi and established the Muslim Kingdom of the Bahmani Dynasty. As Sukltan Alauddin, he made his capital at Gulbarga (which he renamed Hasanabad). He ruled for eleven years, but his dynasty was cruel and tumultuous; 18 kings in 191 years, four of which were killed and two of which who were deposed and blinded.
-Kahmani territories annexed by Vijayanagar.
1351 -Sultan Muhammad Tughlak Shah II died, and was succeeded by the chieftains’ choice, his nephew Feroz Tghlak Shah III, an efficient ruler.
1352 -Samsuddin Elias Shah became the first independent Muslim Sultan in all Bengal.
1354 -Feroz Shah Kotla built by Emperor Feroz Tughlak Shah III, home of the famous 27-tonne Ashoka pillar.
1359 -Sultan Feroz Tughlak Shah III invaded Bengal.
1360 -Sultan Feroz Tughlak Shah III invaded Orissa. The Hindu King fled, leaving Feroz to capture Puri and found Jaunpur.
1367 -Bukka I of Vijayanagar severely defeated by Muhammad Shah I of the Bahmani Kingdom at the Battle of Kanthal.
1368 -Adina mosque of Pandua (in North Bengal) built by Sultan Sikander Shah I.
1374 -Bukka I of Vijayanager sent an embassy to Ming China.
1377 -The populist spiritual leader Sant Ravidas born (he advocated the abolition of the Hindu caste system).
-Sultan Mujahid Shah became 3rd Bahmani ruler, but murdered the next year by his uncle Daud Shah because of jealousy and his vices.
1378 -Mujahid Shah assassinated by Daud Shah, but then Daud Shah was then murdered by a slave, so succeeded by his brother Muhammad Shah II.
-Independent Muslim kingdom of Madurai fell to Vijayanagar.
1387 -Feroz Tughlak Shah III died aged 83, so succeeded by his grandson Ghiasuddin Tughlak Shah II.
1389 -Ghiasuddin Tughlak Shah II killed.
-Sikander Shah ascended throne of Kashmir.
1394 -The eunuch Malik Sarwar (from the court of Mahmud Shah II in Delhi) declared the independence of Jaunpur.
1395 -Governor Zafar Khan of Gujarat destroyed the renovated 6th Somnath temple.
-Nasrat Khan (grandson of Feroz Tughlak) deposed Sultan Mahmud Shah II in Delhi.
1396 -Governor Zafar Khan of Gujarat proclaimed independence of Gujarat and assumed the title Sultan Muzaffur Shah I.
1397 -Bahmani Dynasty thrown into turmoil when Lalchin (a Turkish slave) blinded Ghiasuddin (son of Muhammad Shah II), and then installed then imprisoned Sultan Samsuddin, before Tajuddin Shah assumed the title.
1398 -Amir Timur of Lang crossed the Indus at head of an army, capturing Delhi after forcing the flight of the Delhi Sultan Nusrat Shah to Gujarat. Delhi, Meerut and Hardwar were devastated.
1399 -Timur left Delhi, and once back across the Indus declared himself Emperor of India.
-Mahmud Shah II reinstated in Delhi as Sultan after Timur’s departure.
Harihara II of Vijayanagar unsuccessfully attacked the Bahmani Kingdom.
-Mysore Raj Dynasty established by the brothers Vijaya Raja and Krishna Raja.
1400 -7th Somnath temple built.
1401 -The Afghan Governor Dilwar Khan Ghori of Malwa declared the independence of Malwa, under the title Sultan Sahabuddin Ghori. The Dynasty lasted only 35 years.
1406 -Hushang Shah (Alp Shah) killed Dilwar Khan Ghori (his father) to become the 2nd (and last) Ghori ruler of Malwa.
-Sultan Tajuddin Feroz Shah of the Bahmani defeated the Hindus of Vijayanagar.
1407 -Sultan Muzaffur Shah I of Gujarat succeeded by his grandson Sultan Nasiruddin Ahmed Shah, who built the city of Ahmedabad (in 1411).
1413 -Daulat Khan Lodi ascended throne of Delhi after the death of Mahmud Shah II.
1414 -Daulat Khan Lodi replaced by Governor Khizr Khan Sayyid of Lahore, thus ending the Tughlak Dynasty.
1415 -Raja Ganesh of Dinajpur seized the throne of Bengal.
1419 -Jadu of Bengal (son of Raja Ganesh) embraced Islam and ruled Bengal as Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah (until his murder in 1442).
1420 -Zain-ul-Abedin took throne of Kasmir, a liberal who oversaw the translation of the Ramayana and Mahabharata from Sanskrit to Persian, and the introduction of ‘papier mache’ from Persia.
-Tajuddin Feroz Shah of the Bahmani defeated in Pangal.
1421 -Khizr Khan died, and succeeded in Delhi by Muizuddin Mubarak Shah II.
-The Ming envoy Cheng Ho sent to Bengal (and again in 1431).
1422 -Ahmad Shah I (brother of Tajuddin Feroz Shah of Bahmani) murdered his brother and nephew and ascended the throne, then shifted the capital to Bihar to remove the influence of Turki slaves.
1424 -The Italian Nicolo Conti visited the Vijayanagar court.
1433 -Sultan Mubarak Shah II of Delhi killed by his Wazir, and succeeded by Muhammad Shah II then Alam Shah.
1434 -Kapilendra of the Suryavamshi Dynasty supplanted the Ganga Dynasty of Orissa.
1435 -Hushang Shah of the Malwa Dynasty succeeded by Sultan Mahmud Shah (the 3rd and last ruler of the Ghori Dynasty).
1436 -Sultan Mahmud Shah of Malwa poisoned by Mahmud Khan (a Khilji Turk who was his cousin and minister), ending the Ghori Dynasty and commencing the Khilji Dynasty.
1439 -The Ranakpur complex (the largest of the Jain temples) completed in the Aravalli Valley.
1440 -Rana Kumbha of Mewar defeated and captured Mahmud Khilji (keeping him captive in Chittorgarh).
-Birth of Sant Kabir (d.1518).
1443 -The Persian envoy Abdur Razzak visited the Vijayanagar court.
1448 -Death of the North Bihar court Maithili poet Vidyapati.
1450 -Birth of Basudeva Sarbavauma, founder of the Nyaya School of Nadia (d.1525).
-Completion (by Malik Serang Shah) of the Jhulta Minar (the ‘shaking minaret’) of the Sidi Bashir mosque in Ahmedabad.
1451 -Sayyid Dynasty in Delhi removed by the Afghan Buhlul Khan of the Lodi (commencing the Lodi Dynasty which lasted until 1526).
1459 -Throne of Gujarat ascended by the 13-year old Sultan Mahmud Begara (grandson of Ahmad Shah).
1461 -Alauddin Humayun Shah of Bahmani assassinated by his servants, and succeeded by his son Nizam Shah (who died mysteriously in 1463).
1465 -Virupaksha II ascended throne of Vijayanagar, but then defeated at the Battle of Tellikota by the allied Muslim armies of Ahmadnagar, Bidar, Bijapur and Golconda.
1469 -Birth of Guru Nanak, founder of Sikhism, in Talwandi Rae Bhoe (now Nankana Sahib in Pakistan).
-Mahmud Shah Khilji of Malwa succeeded by his son Muhammad Shah (under the name Ghiasuddin).
-The 7th Somnath Temple destroyed by Sultan Muhammad Begara of Gujarat, and replaced with a mosque (which was never used because of superstition regarding the site).
1470 -The Russian traveler Athanasius Niktin visited Bidar in the Bahmani kingdom.