Found the list of Kangxi's sons and daughters. It's in Chinese though. Maybe some kind soul could help translate them into English.

Courtesy of www.honglm.net

胤（示是）：康熙第一子，三十七年封直郡王，四十七年革，雍正十二年卒，按贝子例葬．

胤（示乃）：康熙第二子，十四年立为皇太子，四十六年废，四十八年复立，五十一年复废，雍正二年薨，追封理亲王，谥号密．

胤祉：康熙第三子，三十七年封诚郡王，三十八年降贝勒，四十八年晋诚亲王，雍正二年降郡王，八年复封亲王，后革，十年薨，按郡王例葬．

胤祺：康熙第五子，三十七年封贝勒，四十八年封恒亲王，雍正十年薨，谥号温．

胤祚：康熙第六子，早夭．

胤（示右）：康熙第七子，三十九年封贝勒，四十八年封淳郡王，雍正元年晋亲王，八年薨，谥号度．

胤禩：康熙第八子，三十七年封贝勒，六十一年晋廉亲王，雍正四年以罪革．

胤（示唐）：康熙第九子，四十八年封贝子，雍正三年以罪革．

胤（示我）：康熙第十字，四十八年封敦郡王，雍正二年以罪革乾隆二年封辅国公品级，六年卒，按贝子例葬．

胤禌：康熙第十一子，早夭．

胤祹：康熙第十二子，四十八年封贝子，六十一年晋嘉郡王，雍正元年降贝子，二年降镇国公，八年封履郡王，十三年晋履亲王，乾隆二十八年薨，以乾隆第四子颙珹为继．

胤祥，康熙第十三子，六十一年封怡亲王，雍正八年薨，谥号贤，

胤禵：康熙第十四子，四十八年封贝子，雍正元年晋郡王，三年降贝子，四年革，乾隆二年封辅国公，十二年晋贝勒，十三年封恂郡王，二十年薨，谥号勤．

胤（示禺）：康熙十五子，雍正四年封贝勒，八年晋愉郡王，九年薨，谥号恪．

胤禄：康熙第十六子，嗣庄亲王后（即原承泽亲王硕塞后），雍正元年袭庄亲王．乾隆三十二年薨，谥号恪．

胤礼；康熙第十七子，雍正元年封果郡王，六年晋果亲王，乾隆三年薨，以雍正第六子弘（日詹）为嗣，谥号毅．

胤衸：康熙第十八子，早夭．

胤禝：康熙第十九子，早夭．

胤祎：康熙第二十子，雍正四年封贝子，八年晋贝勒，十二年降辅国公，十三年复封贝勒，二十年卒，谥号简靖．

胤禧，康熙第二十一子，雍正八年封贝子，，即刻晋贝勒，十三年晋慎郡王，乾隆二十三年薨，以乾隆第六子颙瑢为嗣，谥号靖．

胤祜：康熙第二十二子，雍正八年封贝子，十二年晋贝勒，乾隆八年卒，谥号恭勤．

胤祁：康熙第二十三子，雍正八年封镇国公，十三年晋贝勒，乾隆二十三年降贝子，四十二年降镇国公，四十五年晋贝子，四十七年晋贝勒，四十九年加郡王衔，五十年卒，谥号诚．

胤袐：康熙第二十四子，雍正十一年封（言咸）亲王乾隆三十八年薨，谥号恪．

承瑞：康熙子，早夭．

承（示右）：康熙子，早夭．

承庆：康熙子，早夭．

赛音察浑：康熙子，早夭．

长华：康熙子，早夭．

长生：康熙子，早夭．

万黼：康熙子，早夭．

胤（示赞）：康熙子，早夭．

胤（示禹）：康熙子，早夭．

胤譏：康熙子，早夭．

胤（示爰）：康熙子，早夭．

长女(1668-1671)：玄烨的第一女。其母为玄烨庶妃张氏，与四女同母。康熙七年(1668)十一月二十日生。康熙十年(1671)十月殇，时年3岁。

次女(167l一1673)：玄烨之第二女。其母为玄烨庶妃董氏，即端嫔。康熙十年(1671)三月初九日生。康熙十二年(1673)二月殇，时年3岁。

三女[1673-1728)：固伦公主。玄烨之第三女。其母为玄烨庶妃马佳氏，即荣妃，与长子承瑞、四子赛音察浑、六子长华、八子长生、十子允祉同母。康熙十二年(1673)五月初六日生。康熙三十年(1691)元月受封为和硕荣宪公主，嫁给蒙古巴林部博尔济吉待氏乌尔衮，时年19岁。乌尔衮系巴林部札萨克多罗郡于鄂齐尔的次子，其母是清太宗皇太极之五女淑慧长公主。康熙四十三年(1704)乌尔衮袭巴林部札萨克多罗郡王，康熙十八年(1719)从征康熙，六十年(1721)车子军。康熙四十八年(1709)公主受封为固伦荣宪公主。雍正六年(1728)四二十一日去世，时年56岁。

四女(1674-1678)玄烨之第四女。其母为玄烨庶妃张氏，与长女同母。康熙十三年(1674)二月初十日生。康熙十七年(1678)殇，时年5岁。

五女(1674-17l0)：和硕公主。玄烨之第五女。其母为玄烨贵人兆佳氏。康熙十三年(1674)五月初六日生。康熙三十一年(1692)受封为和硕端静公主。同年十月嫁给喀喇沁部蒙古杜凌王之次子噶尔臧。噶尔臧，乌梁罕氏。康熙四十三年(1704)袭喀喇沁杜凌郡王。康熙五十年(1711)，因罪削爵。康熙六十一年(1722)去世。康熙三十二年(1693)，命设护卫长史，核贝勒例。康熙四十九年(1710)三月公主去世，时年37岁。

六女(1679一1735)：固伦公主。玄烨之第六女。其母为玄烨贵人郭络罗氏，与十九子允(礻禹)同母。康熙十八年(1679)五月二十七日生。康熙三十六年(1697)时年19岁，受封为和硕公主，嫁给博尔济吉持氏喀尔喀郡王敦多布多尔济。敦多市多尔济系多罗郡王噶勒丹多尔济之长子。康熙三十一年 (1692)袭札萨克多罗郡王。康熙三十九年〔1700)晋袭和硕亲王袭土谢图汗。四十一年(1702)降郡王。雍正元年(1723)复封亲王。乾隆八年 (1743)去世。康熙四十五年(1706)公主受封为和硕恪靖公主。雍正二年(1724)晋封为固伦恪靖公主。雍正十三年(1735)去世，时年57 岁。

七女(1682．6--1682．8)：玄炸之第七女。其母为玄烨德妃乌雅氏，即孝恭仁皇后，与十一子胤禛、十四子允祚、二十三子允禵、九女
、十二女同母。康熙二十一年(1682)六月初一日生，八月即疡。

八女(1683．6-1683闰6)：玄烨之第八女。其母为玄烨皇贵妃佟佳氏，即孝懿仁皇后.康熙二十二年(1683)六月十九日生，闰六月殇。

九女(1683-1702)：固伦公主.玄烨之第九女。其母为玄烨德妃乌雅氏，即孝恭仁皇后，与十一子禛、十四子允祚、二十三子允禵、七女、十二女同母。康熙三十九年(1700)18岁时受封为和硕温宪公主，嫁给佟氏舜安颜。舜安颜是佟国维之孙。康熙四十八年因党附允祀，削其额驸，禁锢于家，后释免。雍正二年(1624)总督三凌班务，授领侍卫内大臣。是年去世。公主于康熙四十一年(1702)七月去世，时年20岁。雍正元年(1723)三月追赠为固伦温宪公主。

十女(1685-1710)：固伦公主。玄烨之第十女。其母为玄烨庶妃纳喇氏，即通嫔.康熙二十四年(1685)二月十六日生。康熙四十五年(1706) 22岁时受封为和硕纯悫公主。是年嫁与蒙古博尔济吉持氏喀尔喀台吉策凌。策凌是元太祖成古思汗二十世孙。康熙三十-年(1692)，其祖父丹律携他自居地塔米尔投归清朝．玄烨十分高兴，授其为轻骑都尉留居京师入内廷学习。康熙四十五年与公主成婚，授和硕额驸，并赐贝子品级。奉命回驻塔米尔旧地．击败准噶尔兵入侵。康熙五十九年(1720)从傅尔丹多次击败准噶尔兵，授札萨克。雍正元年(1723)特诏封为多罗郡王。雍正二年(1724)驻守阿尔泰。雍正五年(1727)偕内大臣四格等赴楚库河与俄罗斯使节瓦萨立石定界签订“布连斯奇条约”。雍正九年(1731)大败准噶尔军获鄂登楚勒大捷，晋封为和硕亲王。赐银万两，又授其为喀尔喀大札萨克。雍正十年(1732)又获光显寺大捷，赐号超勇亲土，晋封固伦额驸。雍正十一年(1733)为定边左副将军进驻科布多。乾隆元年(1736)驻兵乌里苏雅苏台。乾隆六年（1741）清廷从土谢图汗部分出20旗赐予他，统称赛音诺额部。乾隆十五年(1750)去世，入祀京师贤良祠。公主于康熙四十九年(17l0)去世，时年26岁。雍正十年(1732)因策凌军功追赠为固伦纯悫公主。死后葬于京师郊外，后与策凌合葬。公主与策凌所生子成衮札布初被封为世子，策凌去世后袭爵为札萨克亲王兼盟长。

十一女(1685-l 686)；玄烨之十一女。其母为玄烨温僖贵妃钮枯禄氏，与十八子允礻我同母。康熙二十四年〔1685)九月二十七日生，康熙二十五年(1686)五月即殇。

十二女(1686-1697)：玄烨之十二女。其母为玄烨德妃乌雅氏，即孝恭仁皇后，与十-子胤禛、十四子允祚、二十三子允禵、七女、九女同母。康熙二十五年(1686)闰四月二十四日生。康熙三十六年(1697)二月卒，时年12岁。

十三女(1687-1709)：和硕公主。玄烨之十三女。其母为玄烨庶妃章佳氏，即敬敏皇贵妃，与二十二子允祥、十五女同母。康熙二十六年(1687) 十一月二十七日生。康熙四十五年(1706)20岁时受封为和硕温恪公主。是年嫁与博尔济吉持氏蒙古翁牛特部杜凌郡王仓津。仓津是蒙古翁牛持部札萨克多罗杜凌郡王毕里哀达赍次子，初名班第，赐名仓津。康熙三十二年(1693)袭封郡王。雍正五年(1727)以擅请准噶尔使入藏熬茶夺沦罪削职。康熙四十八年 (1709)六月公主去世，时年23岁。

十四女(1689-1736)：和硕公主。玄烨之十四女。其母为玄烨贵人袁氏。康熙二十八年(1689)十二月初七日生。康熙四十五年(1706)18岁时受封为和硕悫靖公主。是年嫁与散秩大臣一等男孙承运。孙承运系振武将军甘肃提督孙思克之子。康熙三十九年(1700)袭父遗爵，封为一等男，康熙五十八年(1719)卒。乾隆元年(1736)公主去世，时年48岁。

十五女(1691一1709)：和硕公主。玄烨十五女。其母为玄烨庶妃章佳氏，即敬敏皇贵妃，与二十二子允样、十三女同母，康熙三十年(1691)正月初六日生，受封为和硕敦恪公主。康熙四十七年(1708)年18岁时嫁与蒙古科尔沁部博尔济吉持氏台吉多尔济。多尔济于康熙五十八年(17l9)因罪革额驸，仍给台吉品级。康熙五十九年(1720)去世。康熙四十八年(1709)公主去世，时年l9岁。

十六女（1695--1707）：玄烨之十六女，其母为玄烨庶妃王氏。康熙三十四年（1695）十月二十一日生。康熙四十六年（1707）殇，时年13岁。

十七女(1698一1700)：玄烨之十七女。其母为玄烨庶妃刘氏。康熙三十七年(1698)十二月十二日生。康熙三十九年(1700)早疡，时年3岁。

十八女(170l一1701)：玄烨之十八女。其母为玄烨和嫔瓜尔佳氏，即惇怡皇贵妃。康熙四十年(1701)十月十八日生，生下不久即殇。

十九女(1703-170 5)：玄烨之十九女。其母为玄烨庶妃高氏，即襄嫔，与二十九子允禝，三十子允禕同母。康熙四十二年(1703)二月十四日生。四十四年(1705)二月殇，时年3岁。

二十女(1708-1708)：玄烨之二十女。其母为玄烨庶妃钮祜禄氏。康熙四十七年(1708)十月初九日生，十二月即殇。

养女(1671-1741)：固伦公主。玄烨之弟恭亲王常宁之弟一女，其母为常宁庶福晋晋氏。康熙十年(1671)十月二十八日生。抚养宫中。康熙二十九年(1690)20岁时封为和硕纯禧公主。是年嫁与蒙古科尔沁部博尔济吉持氏台吉班第。班第系科尔沁郡王奇他持之从孙。累官内大臣、都统、右翼前锋统领。雍正四年(1726)卒。乾隆十八年(1753)追谥恭勤。康熙三十一年(1692)即公主嫁后的第三年，为其设护卫长史，视贝勒制。雍正元年 (1723)二月晋封为固伦纯禧公主。班第卒后，公主居京师。乾隆六年(1741)十二月初七日去世，时年71岁。

Zunjing de China History Forum members,

This is a very interesting list! Tomorrow is my birthday, and I would really appreciate it if someone can translate this list into English as a birthday present for me.

By the way, I have read that Princes Yin Ti and Yin Reng were not the first two sons of Emperor Kang Xi, but were given those positions because there were numerous elder princes, who died young or as infants. I am just wondering if this information is correct?

Xie Xie,

I could try, but no promises. As it is, my translations of the Military Timeline and Sunzi Bingfa takes up a good deal of my spare time...

But this is too interesting to resist!

I list some of emperor kang xi son

1 Prince cheng chu yi 1667 -1670 .
2 Prince cheng yeu 1670 -1672 son of empress hsiao cheng hsuan ye
3 Prince cheng king 1670- 1671
4 Prince ? 1672-1673
5 Prince yin ti 1672 -1734 son of hui fei
6 Prince chang ho 1674
7 Prince yin jeng 1674 -1724 he death in prison son of empress hsiao cheng hsuan ye
8 Prince chang cheng 1675-1677
9 Prince wan fu 1675-1679
10 Prince yin chih 1677-1732 he death in prison
11 Prince yin chen who later become emperor yongzheng
12 Prince yin tsan 1679-1680
13 Prince yin chi 1680 -1732
14 Prince yin tsao 1680-1685 emperor yongzheng full brother
15 Prince yin yu 1680-1730
16 Prince yin su 1681-1726 who also know as acina
17Prince yin yu 1683
18 Prince yin tang 1683-1726 he was expelled from imperial family
19 Prince yin ee 1683-1741
20 Prince yin tzu 1683-1696
21 Prince yin tao 1685-1763
22 Prince yin sang 1686-1730
23 Prince yin ti 1688-1755 emperor yongzheng full brother
24 Prince ? 1691
25 Prince yin wu 1693-1731
26 Prince yin lu 1695-1767
27 Prince yin li 1697-1738
28 Prince yin chiech 1701-1708
29 Prince yin ki 1702-1705
30 Prince yin tsi
31 Prince yin i 1706
32 Prince yin shi 1711-1758
33 Prince yin hu 1711-1744
34 Prince yin chi 1713-1785
35 Prince yin pi 1716-1773
36 prince yin yuan 1718 he born and death at same date .
this list may not accurate as well
He may have 20 daughter as well?

i wish le khac minh gao happy birthday.

Emperor Kangxi's been a busy man.

Zunjing de Mu Jie Jie,

Thank you so much for considering a translation for this list! Please don’t worry; I would never dare to hold you accountable for translating it. So, it is no need for you to say “no promises.” Hehehe!

Sweet, you are currently in the process of translating Sunzi Bingfa! You have gotten me so exciting! Other than studying about the Chinese royal families, military strategies and martial arts are my favorite subjects! I should have known that you are interested in military affairs since you have such a wonderful name in this forum. Hehehe! If I can go back to the ancient times, I would rather be a military commander than an Emperor or Empress. Hehehe!

Yeah, I know that this list is too interesting to resist, but I also know that you have a very hectic schedule. So, maybe you can translate it for me as next year’s birthday present. How does that sound? Hehehe!

Xie Xie,

Zunjing de Galvatron,

Thanks for your birthday wishes, and for posting a list of some of Emperor Kang Xi’s sons; I really appreciate it!

Zunjing de China History Forum members,

As I was looking for more information on Wikipedia, I found out that Emperor Kang Xi had a total of four Empresses by the time of his death. Wikipedia confirmed that after Empress Xiao Cheng died from giving birth to Prince Yin Reng, Emperor Kang Xi left the position of Empress vacant for the remainder of his reign. Is this accurate? The biography on Emperor Kang Xi stated that Empress Xiao Cheng, Empress Xiao Zhao, Empress Xiao Yi, and Empress Xiao Gong Ren were all his Empresses. I mean how is that possible? These two statements contradicted each other. Well, Empress Xiao Gong Ren was only concubine De during her husband’s reign. However, she was the biological mother of Emperor Yong Zheng. So, of course, she would be honored as the Empress when her son ascended to the throne. I still don’t see how the other two also received the title of Empress. Can someone please elaborate on this?

Xie Xie,

I noticed from the list most of the princes and princesses died younger, what a pity..
Does anyone know what causes the early deaths? Many of them died at a very tender age - 3years? Only a few live till 50 odd years, thats short life too.

Hope could give you a better researched answer, but the following might be of use. The following article reflects on the history and decline of Infant Mortality in USA, guess, if it had happened in US, it too should hold true for China. Difficult to get a paper on Infant Mortality in China as far back as in the 1800s.

During those days, personal hygiene, diseases and malnutrition played are often important factors in babies dying young. Also, we cannot forget that, supersitition too played a part, where instead of getting immediate medical attention, parents sought the use of alternatives.

History and Decline of Infant Mortality in the United States

In 1900, approximately 100 infants died for every 1,000 births and from six to nine women died from pregnancy-related causes. Between 1915 and 1997, infant mortality declined more than 90%, and maternal deaths by 99%. This was all due to the rapid improvement in standards of living, medical science, sanitation, water purification, and nutrition, combined with higher education and economic conditions, development of pasteurization for milk, vaccinations against childhood infectious diseases, more options in contraception, smaller families, and longer periods between the birth of siblings.

Through the 1930s, public health, welfare, and the medical profession all worked together to reduce the infant mortality rate. The Children's Bureau, a governmental agency established in 1912 and extremely influential through 1946, was highly effective in initiating extensive welfare medical services to pregnant women and babies. This initiative included pre-and postnatal home visits by health care professionals, and ultimately expanded to include pre-and postnatal education, guidance, and care for expectant mothers.

With the development of sulfur-containing (anti-microbial) drugs in 1937, penicillin in the 1940s, and re-hydration and improved blood transfusion methods, by 1949 infant deaths declined 52%. By this time, it was noted that the largest decrease in mortality was among the postnatal infants (those babies older than 28 days), and the highest infant mortality rates were among "high-risk" neonatal (27-day-old or younger), those born prematurely or of LBW.

During the 1950s and 1960s, attention once again focused on the young neonates, with attempts to make health care more accessible to low-income populations and to developing medical technology and intensive care units for the at-risk newborns. With the introduction of Medicaid in the 1960s, post neonatal mortality dropped once again, due to advances in medical technology and concerted efforts to identify low-income populations/regions to provide those pregnant women and infants with greater access to health care resources.

The slight decline of infant mortality in the late 1980s was probably due to pulmonary surfactants developed to prevent respiratory distress syndrome. The next significant decline during the early to mid 1990s was due primarily to an almost 50% reduction in SIDS. Continuing advances in prenatal diagnostic technology and selective pregnancy termination; surgery on infants while still in the womb to help correct structural and organ defects; and the discovery that adding folic acid to the diet of women of childbearing age to prevent neural tube defects, have all improved the rate of infant mortality during the late 1990s.

source site: http://www.bookrags.com/research/infant-mortality-woh/

In the case of Kangxi, it is also good to remember, he too, when young was once struck down with smallpox, and was sent away from the palace for a period of time before he return, and made an emperor because partly because he survived the attack.

From website:http://www.4dw.net/royalark/China/manchu6.htm

The "bible" of manchu dynasty

emperor kangxi's issues

1) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Ch'eng Chu-yi. b. 5th November 1667 (s/o Jung Fei). He d. 10th July 1670.
2) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Ch'eng Yeu. b. 3rd January 1670 (s/o Empress Hsiao Ch'eng Hsuan-ye). He d. 3rd March 1672. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
3) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Ch'eng K'ing. b. 21st March 1670 (s/o Hui Fei). He d. 26th May 1671.
4) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Sai-yn-tch'a-hoen. b. 24th January 1672 (s/o Jung Fei). He d. 1673.
5) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-t'i [Yun Chich] [Yi], 1st Prince Chih (Chih Ku Shan Pei Tzu). b. 12th March 1672 (s/o Hui Fei), educ. privately. Granted the title of Chih To Lo Chün Wang 12th April 1698, but reduced to Ku Shan Pei Tzu 1st November 1708. He d. a prisoner, 25th November 1734, having had issue:
a) H.H. Prince (Fêng Ên Chên Kuo Kung) Hung-fang.
The Noble (Fêng Ên Chiang Chün) Hung-chun. He had issue:
i) Yung-…, who had issue:
(1) Mien-…, who had issue: Copyright© Christopher Buyers
(a) General The Nole (Chên Kuo Chiang Chün) Yi-shan [Chuang-chien]. Cdt. At Ili 1832-1835, Assist. Gov. of Ili 1835-1838, 1845-1847 and 1848-1850, Governor of Ili 1838-1840 and 1850-1854, and Heilungkiang 1856-1859, Chamberlain Imperial Bodyguard 1840-1842 and 1843, Adj-Gen. 1840-1841, Cdr. of troops (Ching-ni Jiang-chun) at Canton 1841-1842, imprisoned for failures in the war 1843, Imperial Agent at Ho-t'ien 1843-1845, Senior Assit. Chamberlain Imperial Bodyguard 1854-1855, Adj-Gen. 1855-1859. He d. at Hsuzhou, 1878.
6) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Chang-hoa. b. and d. 21st May 1674 (s/o Jung Fei).
7) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-jeng [Mi], 1st Prince Li (Li Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 16th June 1674 (s/o Empress Hsiao Ch'eng Hsuan-ye), educ. privately. Appointed as Heir Apparent with the title of Huang T'ai Tzu on 26th January 1676, publically degraded for tyranny, brutality and debauchery 17th October 1708, restored 19th April 1709, removed again for insanity 30th October 1712, and placed in perpetual confinement 1714. Acted as Regent for his father 1696 and 1697. m. eleven wives and concubines, including, Lady Shi (d. 1718). He d. in prison, 27th January 1727, having had issue, six sons and at least six daughters:
a) H.H. Prince Hung-hsi, 1st Prince Kung (Kung Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) and 2nd Prince Li (Li To Lo Chün Wang), educ. privately. Granted the title of Li To Lo Chün Wang 17th January 1723, and prom. to the title of Kung with the rank of Ho Shê Ch'in Wang 13th July 1730. Degraded, expelled from the Imperial Family and imprisoned by Emperor Kao-t'sung.
H.H. Prince (Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung P'in-ki) Hung-tsin. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
c) H.H. Prince (Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung) Hung-yen [K'o-hi].
d) H.H. Prince (Yuan Fêng Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung) Hung-tiao.
e) H.H. Prince Hung-wei, 3rd Prince Li (Li To Lo Chün Wang).
f) H.H. Prince (Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung) Hung-hoan.
f) Princess Shu-shen (Ho Shê Shu-shen Kung Chu) (sixth daughter). Adopted by Emperor Shih-tsung. m. 1726, Kuang-Yin-Pao, of the Borjigit clan of Korchin Mongols.
8) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Chang-ch'eng. b. 13th August 1675 (s/o Jung Fei). He d. 27th April 1677.
9) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Wan-fu. b. 24th November 1675 (s/o T'ung Pin). He d. 11th March 1679.
10) Lieutenant-General H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-chih [Yin], 1st Prince Ch'eng (Ch'eng To Lo Pei Lê). b. 23rd March 1677 (s/o Jung Fei), educ. privately. Granted the title of To Lo Chün Wang Ch'eng 1698, demoted to To Lo Pei Lê 1699, restored to To Lo Chün Wang 1709, degraded 1728, restored and demoted again 8th July 1730. Imprisoned at the Yong-ngan Palace on King-chan mountain. Lt-Gen. Bordered Red Banner Corps 1696, Guardian of the Ching-ling tombs 1723. He d. a prisoner in the Ching-shan enclosure, 10th July 1732, having had issue, at least seven sons:
H.H. Prince (Ku Shan Pei Tzu) Hung-king.
c) Prince (Yuan Fêng Che Tzu) Hung-sheng. Confined in the Imperial Clan Palace 26th July 1728. Imprisoned with his father at the Yong-ngan Palace on King-chan mountain, 8th July 1730.
f) Prince Hung-…, who had issue:
i) Prince Yung-…, who had issue:
(1) Prince Mien-…, who had issue: Copyright© Christopher Buyers
(a) Prince Yi-…, who had issue:
(i) H.E. Tsai-ling. Grand Secretary 1877-1880. He d. 1883.
g) Prince Hung-ching. He d. 1777.
11) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-ch'ên, who succeeded as H.M. Emperor Yung-ch'êng [Shih Tsung Hien Huang Ti], Great Emperor of the Great Ching Dynasty (s/o Dowager Empress Hsiao Kung Jen-shou) - see below.
12) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-tsan. b. 10th April 1679 (s/o T'ung Pin). He d. May 1680.
13) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-ch'i [Yun], 1st Prince Heng (Heng Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 5th January 1680 (s/o I-Fei), educ. privately. He d. 11th July 1732, having had issue, five sons:
a) H.H. Prince (To Lo Pei Lê P'in Ki) Hung-ch'eng.
H.H. Prince Hung-chi, 2nd Prince Heng (Heng Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). He left a descendant:
H.E. Prince Yung-gao, Prince Heng.
c) The Noble (Yuan Fêng Yi Teng Chên Kuo Chiang Chün) Hung-ngang.
d) The Noble (Fêng Ên Chiang Chün) Hung-chang.
e) The Noble (Fêng Ên Chiang Chün) Hung-t'ong.
14) H H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-tso. b. 5th March 1680 (s/o Dowager Empress Hsiao Kung Jen-shou). He d. 25th June 1685.
15) Lieutenant-General H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-yü [Tu], 1st Prince Ch'un (Ch'un Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 19th August 1680 (s/o Ch'eng Fei), educ. privately. Lieut-Gen. Pale Blue Banner Corps. He d. 18th May 1730, having had issue:
a) The Noble (Yuan Fêng Chiang Tzu) Hung-chu.
The Noble (Fu Kuo Chiang Chün) Hung-cho. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
c) H.H. Prince Hung-king [Chen], 2nd Prince Ch'un (Ch'un To Lo Chün Wang).
d) The Noble (Fêng Ên Chiang Chün) Hung-t'ai.
16) H.H. Prince (Yuan Fêng Lian Ch'in Wang) Yin-ssu. b. 29th March 1681 (s/o Liang Fei), educ. privately. Granted the title of To Lo Pei Lê 12th April 1698, demoted 25th December 1708 and restored 8th January 1709 1708, prom. to Ho Shê Ch'in Wang 17th January 1723. Supervisor of State Affairs and Presdt. Brd. of Colonial Affairs 1723-1726. Expelled from the Imperial clan 13th March 1726 and forced to chage his name to Acina ('cur' in Manchu). Posthumously restored to the Imperial clan by Emperor Chien Lung. Restored to the Imperial clan and to his original name. m. a grand daughter of Prince Yolo. He d. in prison, 26th September 1726, having had issue, two sons:
a) Hung-wang. b. 1708. Enjoyed the title of Prince (Chün Wang Chang Tzu) until his father's disgrace in 1726. Posthumously restored to the Imperial clan in 1778. He d. 1762.
Hung-ch'eng. Restored to the Imperial clan in 1778, and granted the title of Prince 1782, but stripped of his ranks and titles 1783.
17) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-yu. b. 13th September 1683 (s/o Gorolo Kuei Jên). He d. 1683.
18) H.H. Prince (Yuan Fêng Ku Shan Pei Tzu) Yin-t'ang. b. 17th October 1683 (s/o I-Fei), educ. privately. Granted the title of Ku Shan Pei Tzu April 1709. Expelled from the Imperial clan 13th March 1726 and forced to chage his name to Sé-se-he June 1726, but posthumously restored 9th February 1778. Imprisoned 1726. m. a daughter of Chi-shih. He d. in prison at Paoting, Chihli, 19th September 1726, having had issue, two sons and one daughter:
a) Tsung Ji Hung-cheng. Restored to the Imperial clan 9th February 1778. Raised to the rank of Pu Ju Pa Fên Fu Kuo Kung 1782 (degraded 1783). Imperial Chamberlain.
Tsung Ji Hung-yang. Restored to the Imperial clan 9th February 1778.
a) a daughter. m. Yung-fu. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
19) H.H Prince (Ku Shan Pei Tzu P'in Ki) Yin-e. b. 28th November 1683 (s/o Wen-hsiiKuei Fei), educ. privately. Granted the title of Tun together with the rank of To Lo Chün Wang 22nd November 1709. Degraded and Imprisoned June 1726. Released 1737 and raised to the posthumous rank of Ku Shan Pei Tzu. He d. 1741.
20) H.H Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-tzu. b. 8th June 1685 (s/o I-Fei). He d. 1696.
21) Lieutenant-General H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-tao [Yi], 1st Prince Li (Li Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 29th December 1685 (s/o Ting Pin), educ. privately. Lt-Gen. Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Corps 1722. He d. 2nd September 1763, having had issue:
a) The Noble (Chei-tzu P'in Ki) Hung-kun.
Prince (Chün Wang Chang Tzu) Hung-shi. He d.v.p. 1735.
22) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-Hsiang [Hsien], 1st Prince Yi (Yi Ho Shê Ch'in Wang) and 1st Prince Ning (Ning To Lo Chün Wang). b. 16th November 1686 (s/o King-Min Huang Kuei Fei), educ. privately. Granted the title of Yi Ho Shê Ch'in Wang 1723, and the additional title of Ning To Lo Chün Wang 1725, and the posthumous right to perpetual inheritance 1775. Presdt. Board of Revenue Mismanagement 1723, Grand Counsellor 1729. He d. 18th June 1730, having had issue, at least seven sons:
a) H.H. Prince (Yuan Fêng To Lo Pei Lê) Hung-chang.
H.H. Prince (To Lo Pei Lê P'in Ki) Hung-t'oen.
c) Prince (Pu Ju Pa Fên Fu Kuo Kung) Hung-…
d) H.H. Prince Hung-chiao [Liang], 2nd Prince Ning (To Lo Ning Chün Wang), educ. privately. He had issue, including a son and four daughters:
i) H.H. Prince Yung-ung, 3rd Prince Ning (To Lo Ning Pei Lê). He had issue:
(1) Mien-…, who had issue: Copyright© Christopher Buyers
(a) Lieutenant-General H.H. Prince Yi-ge, 3rd Prince Ning (Ku Shan Ning Pei Tzu). b. 1805. m. at least two wives. He d. 1858, having had issue, at least two sons:
(i) Lieutenant-General H.I.H. Prince Tsai-tun, 7th Prince Yi (Ho Shê Yi Ch'in Wang). b. 1827, educ. privately. Succeeded on the death of his father as 4th Prince Ning in the rank of Fêng Ên Ning Chên Kuo Kung 1858. Allowed to succeed his kinsman as Ho Shê Yi Ch'in Wang in October 1864. He d. 1890.
iv) the fourth daughter. m. 1729, Dorji Septeng, a Mongol.
e) H.H. Prince (To Lo Pei Lê P'in Ki) Hung-kin.
f) Prince (Pu Ju Pa Fên Fu Kuo Kung) Hung-…
g) H.H. Prince Hung-hsiao, 2nd Prince (Yi Ho Shê Yi Ch'in Wang), educ. privately. A noted poet. He d. 1778, having had issue:
i) H.H. Prince Yung-…, 3rd Prince Yi (Ho Shê Yi Ch'in Wang), who had issue:
(1) H.H. Prince Mien-…, 4th Prince Yi (Ho Shê Yi Ch'in Wang), who had issue:
(a) H.H. Prince Yi-…, 5th Prince Yi (Ho Shê Yi Ch'in Wang), who had issue:
(i) General H.I.H. Prince Tsai-yuan, 6th Prince Yi (Ho Shê Yi Ch'in Wang), educ. privately. Ordered to commit suicide for his failures in the diplomatic negotiations with the Western powers after the war of 1860. He d. 1861.
a) Princess (Chün Chu Kung Chu) …
Princess (Chün Chu Kung Chu) …
c) Princess (Chün Chu Kung Chu) …
d) Princess Ho-hui (Ho Shê Ho-hui Kung Chu). Adopted by Emperor Shih-tsung. m. 1729, Dorji Septeng, Prince Khalkha (Ho Shê Khalkha Ch'in Wang) Tüshiyetü Khan, of the Khalkha Mongols, son of Danjin Dorji. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
23) General H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-t'i [Chin], 1st Prince Hsun (Hsun To Lo Chün Wang). b. 10th February 1688 (s/o Dowager Empress Hsiao Kung Jen-shou), educ. privately. Granted the title of Ku Shan Pei Tzu 22nd November 1709, prom. to To Lo Chün Wang June 1723, demoted to the fourth rank 1726, deprived of all his ranks and imprisoned 1st June 1726, restored prom. to To Lo Pei Lê 1737, prom. to the third 1747, and finally granted the title of Hsun To Lo Chün Wang 6th February 1748. C-in-C of the North Western Armies (Fu-yuan Ta Jiang-chun) 1718-1722, Guardian of the Ching-ling tombs 1724-1726, imprisoned at the Shouhuangdian 1726-1735. m. (first) Princess Wan-yan Fu Chin, daughter of vice-minister Luocha, by whom he had two sons. m. (a) Shushu Gioro Ts'e Fu Chin, daughter of Mingde, of the Shushu Gioro clan, a Vice-bureau director. m. ( Irgen Gioro Shu Fu Chin, daughter of Xitai, by whom he had one son. m. © Irgen Gioro Fu Chin, daughter of Shih Bao, a dep. cdt. of princely guards. m. (d) Wu Fu Chin, daughter of Wu Changyou. He d. 17th February 1755, having had issue, four sons:
a) H.H. Prince Hung-chun, 2nd H.H. Prince (Yuan Fêng Ku Shan Pei Tzu) T'ai. b. 1703 (s/o Shushu), educ. privately. Degraded 1734, and deprived of all his titles 1735, but later restored. He d. 1739, having had issue:
i) Prince Yung-…, who had issue:
(1) Prince Mien-…, who had issue:
(a) General H.E. Yi-shan, defeated by the British forces at Kwantung 1842.
Lieutenant-General H.H. Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) Hung-ming [Kung-ch'in]. b. 25th April 1705 (s/o Wan-yan Fu Chin), educ. privately. Raised to the rank of To Lo Pei Lê in 1735. Dir. Court of Imperial Armaments 1739-1746, Lieut-Gen. Bordered Red Mongol Banner June 1740, retd. 1752. m. (first) Wang Ts'e Fu Jen. m. (second) Hejia Fu Jen. He d. at Peking, 4th February 1767, having had issue, including two sons: Copyright© Christopher Buyers
i) The Noble (Fu Kuo Chiang Chün) Yung-chung. b. 1st July 1735 (s/o Wang Ts'e Fu Jen), educ. privately. Granted the rank of Fu Kuo Chiang Chün 1757. Supt. Imperial Language Sch. 1770-1776. A celebrated poet. He d. 18th June 1793.
ii) H.H. Prince (Ku Shan Pei Tzu) Yung-shi. b. 1736 (s/o Hejia Fu Jen), educ. privately. He d. 1808.
c) The Noble (Chên Kuo Chiang Chün) Hung-ying (s/o Irgen Gioro Shu Fu Chin?). Imperial Chamberlain.
d) The Noble (Chên Kuo Chiang Chün) Hung-kai (s/o Wan-yan Fu Chin?). Imperial Chamberlain and Tou-t'ong.
24) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-… b. 1691 (s/o P'ing Fei). He d. aged two months.
25) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-wu [K'o], 1st Prince Yü (Yü To Lo Chün Wang). b. 24th December 1693 (s/o Chun-yi Mi Pin), educ. privately. He d. 9th March 1731, having had issue, two sons:
a) H.H. Prince Hung-k'ing, 2nd Prince Yü (Yü To Lo Chün Wang).
The Noble (Chên Kuo Chiang Chün) Hung-fu.
26) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-lu [K'o], 3rd Prince Chuang (Chuang Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 28th July 1695 (s/o Chun-yi Mi Pin), educ. privately. Appointed as successor to Boggodo, 2nd Prince Chuang 11th March 1723, and granted the additional title of Ho Shê Ch'in Wang. Assistant to the Throne 1735, Grand Counsellor 1735-1736. A great astronomer and mathematician. He d. 20th March 1767, having had issue, three sons:
a) H.H. Prince Hung-pu, 4th Prince Chuang (Chuang Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). He had issue:
i) Prince Yung-…, 5th Prince Chuang. He had issue:
(1) Prince Mien-…, who had issue: Copyright© Christopher Buyers
(a) H.I.H. Prince Yi-mai, 6th Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Chuang, educ. privately. Deprived of his rank and banished in 1838 for smoking opium in a nunnery.
( Prince Yi-keng. A noted historian. He had issue:
(i) H.I.H. Prince Tsai-hsün, 9th Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Chuang, educ. privately. Succ. 1875. A supporter of the Boxers in 1900. He d. (ordered to commit suicide), at Mukden, 21st February 1901.
The Noble (Fu Kuo Chiang Chün) Hung-ning.
c) H.H. Prince (Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung) Hung-yong.
a) H.H. Princess Tuan-jou (Ho Shê Tuan-jou Kung Chu). m. 1730, Prince Chimed Dorji, son of Lobsang Rashi, of the Korchin Mongols.
27) Lieutenant-General H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-li [Yi], 1st Prince Kuo (Kuo Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 24th March 1697 (s/o Chun-yu Ch'in Pin), educ. privately. Granted the rank of To Lo Chün Wang 1723, prom. to Ho Shê Ch'in Wang 1728. Lt-Gen. Manchu Bordered Red Banner Corps 1724, Han Bordered Blue Banner Corps, and Mongol Bordered Blue Banner Corps 1733-1738, Supervisor of Revenue Storehouses 1730-1733, Minister for Revenue 1733, Controller Imperial Clan Court 1733-1735, Assistant to the Throne 1735, Grand Counsellor 1735-1736. He d.s.p.m. 20th March 1738.
28) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-chieh [Yun-kiai]. b. 10th September 1701 (s/o Chun-yi Mi Pin). He d. 17th October 1708.
29) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-ki. b. 25th October 1702 (s/o P'ing Fei). He d. 1704.
30) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-tsi (s/o Siang Pin). He d. young.
31) H.H. Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) Yin-i. b. 1st September 1706 (s/o Siang Pin). He had issue, a son:
a) H.H. Prince (Ku Shan Pei Tzu) Hung-jeun. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
32) Lieutenant-General H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-hsi, 1st Prince Shen (Shen To Lo Chün Wang). b. 27th February 1711 (s/o Hi Pin), educ. Shang-shu-fang, Forbidden City, Peking. Lt-Gen Bordered Manchu Red Banner Corps 1733, Han Yellow Banner Corps 1735, Manchu White Banner Corps. 1740. He d. 27th June 1758, having had issue, a son:
a) Prince (Chün Wang Chang Tzu) Hung-wu.
33) H.H. Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) Yin-hu [Kung-k'in]. b. 1711 (s/o Kin Pin). He d. 8th March 1744, having had issue, three sons:
a) H.H. Prince (Ku Shan Pei Tzu) Hung-lung.
The Noble (Chên Kuo Chiang Chün) Hung-sung. Sometime Fou-tou-t'ong.
c) The Noble (Chên Kuo Chiang Chün) Hung-fung.
34) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-... b. 1713 (s/o Concubine Ch'en III). He d. in infancy.
35) H.H. Prince (To Lo Pei Lê) Yin-ch'i [Ch'eng]. b. 14th January 1713 (s/o Ching Pin), educ. privately. He d. 31st August 1785, having had issue:
a) The Noble (Fêng Kuo Chiang Chün) Hung-ling.
36) Lieutenant-General H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-pi [K'o], 1st Prince Hien (Hien Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). b. 5th July 1716 (s/o Mu Pin), educ. Shang-shu-fang, Forbidden City, Peking. Lt-Gen. Mongol Bordered White Banner Corps 1740, and Manchu White Banner Corps 1752. He d. 1773, having had issue, four sons:
a) H.H. Prince Hung-ch'ang [Mi], 2nd Prince Hien (Hien Ho Shê Ch'in Wang). He d. 3rd March 1795.
H.H. Prince (Ku Shan Pei Tzu) Hung-yu. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
c) The Noble (Chên Kuo Chiang Chün) Hung-kang.
d) The Noble (Yuan Fêng Fu Kuo Chiang Chün) Hung-chao.
37) H.H. Prince (Huang Tzu) Yin-yuen. b. and d. 2nd March 1718 (s/o Chen-chi Kuei Jen).
1) H.H. Princess …(Ho Shê …Kung Chu). b. 1668 (d/o Chang-chia). She d. 1671.
2) H.H. Princess …(Ho Shê …Kung Chu). b. 1671 (d/o Tuan Pin). She d. 1673.
3) H.H. Princess Jung-hsien (Ho Shê Jung-hsien Kung Chu). b. 1673 (d/o Jung Fei). m. 1691, General H.H. Prince Örgen (Ho Shê Örgen Ch'in Wang) (d. 1721), cdr. Right Wing of the Balin Banner Corps, second son of Prince Ocir (To Lo Ocir Chün Wang), cdr. Right Wing of the Bayarin Banner Corps.
4) H.H. Princess (Kung Chu) … b. 1674 (d/o Chang-chia). She d. 1679.
5) H.H. Princess Tuang-ching (Ho Shê Tuang-ching Kung Chu). b. 19th June 1674 (d/o Jugiya). m. 1692, General H.H. Prince Galsang (Ho Shê Galsang Ch'in Wang), of the Uriyangkhan clan of Mongols.
6) H.H. Princess (Kung Chu) K'o-ching. b. 1679 (d/o Gorolo). m. 1697, General H.H. Dondob Dorji, Prince Khalkha (Ho Shê Khalkha Ch'in Wang) (d. 1743), Tüshiyetü Khan, of the Khalkha Mongols, son of Galdan Dorji (Chakhun?).
7) H.H. Princess …(Ho Shê …Kung Chu). b. 1682 (d/o Tei Fei). She d. aged two months.
8) H.H. Princess …(Ho Shê …Kung Chu). b. 1683 (d/o Hsiao-yi Chen). She d. young.
9) H.H. Princess Wen-hsien (Ho Shê Wen-hsien Kung Chu). b. 1683 (d/o Empress Hsiao-kung). m. Sunggayan, grandson of Prince Tung Kuo-wei. She d. 1702. Copyright© Christopher Buyers
10) H.H. Princess Ch'un-chüeh (Ho Shê Ch'un-chüeh Kung Chu). b. 1685 (d/o T'ung Pin). Styled Lady Ch'un (Ch'un Ko Ko) during her lifetime and posthumously prom. to Ho Shê Ch'un-chüeh Kung Chu. m. 1706, General H.H. Ching-che Tu-yi Tsereng, 1st Prince Chao-yung (To Lo Chao-yung Chün Wang) and Prince Khalkha (Ho Shê Khalkha Ch'in Wang) (cre. 1731) (d. 12th March 1750), Ambassador to Russia 1727, Governor of Uliasutai, and Capt-Gen. of the Sian Noyon khanate, a member of the Borjirgit clan and descendant of Genghis Khan. She d. 1710.
11) H.H. Princess …(Ho Shê …Kung Chu). b. 1685 (d/o Wen-his Kuei Fei). She d. 1686.
12) H.H. Princess (Kung Chu) … b. 1686 (d/o Te Fei). She d. 1697.
13) H.H. Princess Wen (Ho Shê Wen Kung Chu). b. 1687 (d/o Min Fei). Styled Lady Wen (Wen Ko Ko) during her early life, and later prom. to Ho Shê Wen Kung Chu. m. 1706, Prince (To Lo Chün Wang) Tsangjin, of the Orgnighud Right Flank Banner.
14) H.H. Princess Ch'üeh-ching (Ho Shê Ch'üeh-ching Kung Chu). b. 1689 (d/o Yüan Fei). m. Sun Ch'eng-yun (b. 1690; d. 1736), son of Sun Ssu-k'o.
15) H.H. Princess Tun (Ho Shê Tun Kung Chu). b. 1691 (d/o Min Fei). Styled Lady Tun (Tun Ko Ko) during her early life, and later prom. to Ho Shê Tun Kung Chu. m. 1708, Dorji Taiji, of the Korchin Mongols.
16) H.H. Princess …(Ho Shê …Kung Chu). b. 1695 (d/o Wang II). She d. 1706.
17) H.H. Princess …(Ho Shê …Kung Chu). b. 1698 (d/o Liu). She d. 1700.
18) H.H. Princess …(Ho Shê …Kung Chu). b. 1701 (d/o Ho Fei). She d. in infancy.
19) H.H. Princess …(Ho Shê …Kung Chu). b. 1703 (d/o Siang Pin). She d. 1705.
20) H.H. Princess …(Ho Shê …Kung Chu). b. 1708 (d/o Concubine Niohuru II). She d. aged one month.
One of these daughters. m. Keng Chü-chung.
Another daughter. m. before 1708, Prince Bandi, a Mongol.
Another daughter (?) named Princess Ho-k'o. b. 1709. m. Dogu, Ruler of Turkistan. She d. 1764.

Thanks Centaur for the helpful info, really appreciate it.
I understand in those days personal hygiene, disease and malnutrition play a big part for the rising death for common citizens, but for princes and princesses in the enclosed forbidden city, with abundant imperial doctors in attendance... and look at the number, died at such a young age - most of them 3 years old..
Sad cases.

Zunjing de Centaur Jie Jie,

Without a lot of modern technologies, the life expectancy was around 50 years old for people in the ancient times. However, just back looking at the statistics, it seems like Qing Emperors had the most children compare to Emperors of other dynasties. I have noticed that Qing Emperors also had the most number of princes/princesses dying as an infant, or at a very young age. I believe Qing Dynasty was the most forward technology-wise out of all the previous dynasties. So, it would not really make sense for Qing Dynasty to have the lowest infant survival rate. Was there like a fatal disease or something like that taking away the lives of Imperial children? Emperors Shun Zhi, Kang Xi, Yong Zheng, and Qian Long had a decent amount of children; however, nearly half of them died early.

Do you have any other thoughts and comments on this?

Xie Xie,

Dear Minh Gao Mei Mei

I have to admit that your observations about Qing Dynasty was the most forward technology-wise out of all the previous dynasties. Logically speaking, it would be rather unthinkable that the Imperial infant mortality rate should be so high.

It would be easier to comment on it, if I could have the actual causes of death of the Imperial offsprings. However, given the lack of it, I can only speculate which may not be totally accurate.

The earlier article based on Amerian data, could perhaps give us a clue. That infant mortality rate was high till 1900s that we see great leaps in the field of modern medication that the rate reduced.

In the case of China in the 1800s, rich families might find it easier to raise children, but this depends on the consititution of the children born then. In the case of the poorer families, the additional burden of malnutrition might make it difficult for a sick child to survive.

As for the Imperial family, sickness occuring to a child are not as uncommon to those of the ordinary/poor family. However, you are right that it would be unimaginable that the Imperial offsprings are not given sufficient medical care to survive. This would go back down to the fact that the consititution of the child - fact that the Emperors had so many mates with so many children, one might ask if the 'healthy' were conceived?

Of course, being Imperial offsprings too carries risks - palace intrigues and early deaths are not really uncommon - back even to Empress Wu's time of the Tang dynastry, the story about her murdering her new born daughter to gain ascendency over the then Empress Wong cannot be forgotten.

Hope the above could explain some of the possible reasons for such high Imperial infant mortaility rate. I am certain that there will be scholars who could shed more light to this.

Zunjing de China History Forum members,

Hmm, Prince of the South told me that the list he posted regarding Emperor Kang Xi’s sons and daughters was actually a copy from this website:

http://www.4dw.net/royalark/China/manchu6.htm

Also, another member has pointed out that there was also a very similar website regarding the Korean Joseon Dynasty:

http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Korea/korea4.htm

I have absolutely loved these two websites since they provided more information regarding the Imperial Family Tree than I can imagine. With this in mind, I would like to ask what other members or historians think of the reliabilities. I mean can I really trust most of these materials?

Xie Xie,

both pages mentioned are part of a larger site devoted to world royalty. Buyers is reliable and will accept corrections via email. he does prefer some source for any correction however

Which one was Yong Zheng 雍正?

Yongzheng's given name was Yinzhen, and if according to Royalark's list, he was the 11th son of Kangxi. However, according to popular beliefs and excluding those who died early, he was the 4th son to reach adulthood.

Zunjing de Norenxag,

Thank you very much for taking your time to answer my question! I’m very happy to hear that the pages are reliable since they offer a lot of good information. You have stated that both pages are part of a larger website devoted to world royalty? Can you please give me the frontpage because I am really interested in knowing much more information regarding other royalties? May I ask if the larger website include royalties from Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasty? Or are they too far back to trace?

I am happy that this website would take corrections if there are any. If information on this webiste runs into conflicts with Wikipedia, then which source do you think we should believe?

Xie Xie,

That site would be http://www.4dw.net/royalark/

Unfortuantely that site does not list any the family tree of the other dynasties. The best bet for finding such info in English would be probably the various volumes of the Cambridge History of China.

Wow, the Chinese list and English list do not coincide. In Chinese list it stated that "胤禌：康熙第十一子，早夭．" the eleventh son died early, but in English list, Yong Zheng was the eleventh son.

And which one was Yong Zheng in Chinese list?

the site. wikipedia is not to be trusted without sources.

as for buyers' site in general, it covers the current or most recent dynasty of a country only

Zunjing de China History Forum members,

Yes, I know that Wikipedia is one of the fastest ways to get access to something; however, that is not always the most reliable way.

Somehow, I had a feeling that the Chinese version and the English version would not coincide. You will be extremely lucky if you were able to keep the original meanings. This is the reason why I wish to have someone please translate the Chinese list into English. I feel so ashamed for begging someone on this matter as it is my own fault for not being able to read Chinese!

Xie Xie,

Zunjing de China History Forum members,

I have been having this burning question for such a long time regarding Empress Xiao Cheng Ren! Can someone please verify the validity of this article on Wikipedia? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Xiao_Cheng_Ren I am well aware that you cannot trust a lot of things on Wikipedia, so I really want to make sure that I am getting all the correct information here.

I am very curious on this issue since I find it odd and rather hard to believe that an Emperor did not name another one of his favorite concubines as the new Empress when his first Empress passed away, especially since he outlived his first wife by approximately 48 years. Hence, I believe that this article has some errors, in which Emperor Kang Xi did not leave the position of Empress vacant after Empress Xiao Cheng Ren died in childbirth. Other sources have also stated that Emperor Kang Xi had three other Empresses including the birth mother of Emperor Yong Zheng.

Xie Xie,

Zunjing de China History Forum members,

I really need someone to confirm the historical validity of what I have posted a while back.

I would also like to ask whether Emperor Kang Xi actually had 35 or 36 sons? From the Chinese source at the beginning of this thread, Emperor Kang Xi had a total of 35 sons, including ones who passed way at a very young age. However, according to the website http://www.4dw.net/royalark/China/manchu6.htm, Emperor Kang Xi really had 36 sons. I know this would only make a small difference; however, it would be very important to find out if any English-translated sources can be trusted!

Xie Xie,

Just want to provide some of the characters that was't typed out

胤（示是）：禔
胤（示乃）：礽
胤（示右）：祐
胤（示唐）：禟
胤（示禺）：禑
承（示右）：祐
胤（示赞）：禶
胤（示爰）：禐