What do you mean?

Hmong people did not originate in Laos. They migrated from China into Laos towards the end of the 18th century-early 19th century.

hi everyone i'm new here anyways it seems so weird when i was reading all the post from the beinning of how everyone think of us hmong people.we are just natural just like everyone just that we don't have a land of our own doesnt mean we dont have any history.well yeah....i think thats all i got to say...I think


oh yeah how many hmong are there in this citi anyways????

I didn't say my ancestor originated from Laos... or did you not read my other post.....
I said My Parents and relative... I repeat... "PARENTS, AND RELATIVES!!!" Originated in Laos....

Well. This is pretty interesting. Ive been reading and reading. Im also hmong..and dont know anything about the hmong history. Thanks guys.


But I remember my chinese teacher telling me about the Great hmong leader (chi you).

Ohyeah...and hmong folks..stop arguing all the time. Hmongs are so quick to violence(and all you hmong people know that)...wheres the love at?


Well the hmong are in Iraq too...support your troops and send lots of Love.

SPC Lor. US ARMY

P.s Can somebody find out about the Last Names of todays hmong people?

Well none of us or should I say the Majority of Hmong people don't know nothing of their origin nor their
history they constantly talk about the vietnam war as if it was only their war... which I find pretty stupid say the least.... never the fact.... you have a point


Many Hmong Majority are quick to anger over thread issue whether it be online, or in real life... but face it
Hmong people are stupid like that.... Quick to act, but slow to think.... not saying all... but the majority.

again your promoting that we support our troops.... support the troops yeah... but not the war...
so far I see Bush sending in our forces for pointless reason.... but lets stick to the topic please.
http://www.neeg.org/page12.html

The site I provided above should answer your question... but I yet have to look into later to find the meaning of the Clan surname.... still don't remeber where the original one is.

Hehe, i'm actually not that familiar with Hmong, but got interested when that hunter shoot hunter news came out last year?

Did some googling and found that some (only some) Hmong really look like southern 'Han Chinese' - Cantonese and Fujian especially, and more so than Vietnamese (in reference to that Yue and Viet dispute thread). Sources from hmongblog.com.

LMAO... oh that Chai Soua Vang incident.... Let that be a lesson to everyone viewing this thread
We do not tolerate racism.

True... their are a few Hmong people that does look more like southern han, as a saying goes we are probably all related...

I was playing a Basketball Game and my idiot friend said the following Statement.

"The Hmong Kingdom fell because of One Hmong person backstabbed the king by poisoning him.... And thats why we loss our kingdom."

I repeat... Poison..

And I told him surely you don't expect one person to bring down a whole entire Tribe...
afterall the Han Chinese were more organize then the Miao today and back then...
clearly we loss the war man to man on the field... and went south...

But Noooooooo... My idoit friend claim a national Miao Stand off by saying
the Miao was betray, and lost the war solely to that cause... and that China was ours to begin with...

Fricking Idiot.
I believe that the Miao contribute to China, as much as the Han... but the creator and founder of China?
I don't think so.

someone mind providing me some hard evidence that can shut my idoit friend up.

Miao Kingdom is interesting subject. But why your friend must be idiot. seems like he told you what he knew and his understnding. It does not make that person IDIOT.

if you put your question without any excessive emotional expression, it would make things easier. No one wants to be idiot just because of expressing own idea

I'm confused completely and expecting someone can particularize sth relevant.

There was NO Han Chinese in that particular history time frame.

Obviously,that person was clueless to the history of Yellow River indigenous clans,there was NO Han Chinese living alongside Miao in those days.

Just tell him he's right, the Hmongs were cheated out of their own empire.

But remind him such empires are built by conquering other people, so would it not be possible that had the Miao or Hmong empire been built, it was through cheating some other ethnic people of their own lands as well?

I meant Han Happy

Its obvious isn't it?... My friend here lack knowledge as Rice cake has stated...
he lacked knowledge of the yellow river incident.

and never had any fact to back his following statement... what he told me was folktales.
merely folktales with no evidential fact.




Hahah I'll remind him so...

plus i'll tell him that cows and pigs fly... just to spice it up.
but in my own opinion I doubt my forefathers were even capable of holding back the Han.
I mean I take a look at my ethnic today and I just can't see that will in any of them

What was actually the event is referring to? The legend of Chi-you vs Yellow Emperor?
I've not heard of this kind of poisoning.

And if it really referred to Chi You's age, then Han dynasty had not been formed... Not even 2000 years later.

Actually, he wasn't finding fault with the 'Chinese' in 'Han Chinese', but the 'Han'. The idea of 'Han' as an ethnicity didn't originate until 3,550 years after the defeat of Chiyou and the San-Miao.

BTW, just how much basis is there to link the Miao of today with the San-Miao of legend? How long have the Miao believed that they were the San-Miao who came south? Do they only believe it because the 'Han' told them so, or is it part of their own oral tradition?

Needham refers to the San Miao as a metalworking co-fraternity. Were they involved in bronze-makimg? It would seem logical as there are substantial tin deposits in Vietnam as well as copper. I was also under the impression that their totem was the owl, and that they originated the TaoTie. One other thing. This reference to the Five Poison Sect...is that just fiction, or is that based on the use of ku?

I suppose Needham is basing this conjecture on the ancient Chinese legend about Chiyou being the inventor of weapons.

Neither have I ever came across anything that refer to this...
as I stated... folktales.



No doubt its Oral tradition...

Mind telling me where I can find those Gong and IRCC in english translation... it might be quite intresting
to find some new evidence or so call facts to be challenge.

there wasn't no choice in the fighting what so ever... when one tribe attempts to subject another, what other choice is their but to fight?... Correct?.... There a reason to fight, and I'm pretty sure their many more ethnic around the world that would had done the same thing... even the Han resisted the Mongols?

But you are correct... taking to hill and rejecting diplomatic and cultural and technological advacment
was a big mistake.. as stated the Miao are in no position to demand anything... whether in SE.Asia

or the Main Land...

by the way.. mind explainging the great deer hunt?

I see thanks for enlightining me a bit.... so guess I was correct on my assumption that the Miao did play an important part of influencing Chinese Culture.... **cough** BASTADA owes me 5 bucks now.**




I see...

this forum was all very interesting in the beginning.. and then it just got kind of ridiculous... anyways.. here is my two cents.... i am hmong.

am i a nationalist? no...

i'm not claiming to be anything i am not... i will just state what i know about the culture of my people, and what i've witnessed in my hmong community. honestly.. i don't htink there will ever be a concrete fact to who the hmong people are and where they hail from.. whats lost in history is lost... because there really are no written (or concrete)proofs.. they will NEVER TRUELY KNOW.... my people, ourselves, don't know the complete truth about our past... thats how sad it is... Im not trying to prove anything... but i would like to state what i do know now as truth... and just putting out similarities.


****
the hmong people do have similar cultural and stories of the jewish people... are we related to them?... i believe once... a long time ago.. everyone was related to every one... but here are some examples.. i know that in the OT GOd cuts down the lifespan of humans to 120 years... there is an old saying in hmong for when people pass away due to old age that goes like this "Puv ib puas neesnkaum xyoo" meaning "fullfilled 120 years"... in the OT GOd commands the jewish people to put sacrificed animal blood on their door so that the plague put out on Egypt will not affect them (the passover)... hmong people put animal blood on their doors too for protection and what not (i don't practice shamanism, so correct me if im wrong)..... now the story of babel?. im not sure.. never heard of that story relating to the hmong people...

im my church.. there is a family that moved to the US less than 10 years ago... three ( i think) of their kids have very white blond hair and very fair skinned but brown eyes. they don't look caucasian.. their bone and eyes and everything is asian... except for their hair and skin... now according to what i know.. albinos have blue eyes... cuased by the lack of melanin in the body... i went to high school with a hmong boy who has natural coppery brown hair... my cousin has hazel eyes... i know a guy with reddish brown hair... all thier parents are black hair brown eyed asians... and no.. they didn't have affairs... it wouldn't show up that fast anyways... black hair and brown eyes are a dominant gene... but according to genetics... nothing is ever lost in the DNAs... but taken over by the DOMINANT genes... but once in a while... the ressesive genes will return... and yes.. HMONG people are the most caucasion looking asians... do they still look asian like the chinese, thais, lao, Japanese and koreans? yeah.. not saying we are not asian... its just what it is

a lot of hmong people (for the lack of truth and the want of indentity) will believe anything they read or see, regarding claims to their origin and history... but i don't believe that we are mongolians, chinese, Japanese, koreans, thai, lao or any other asian groups... we are HMong.. Mountain dwellers, farmers, people who like their freedom. did we have a complex history with all these peoples, i believe we did. was there intermarriages or a merge of cultures? why not? when you are surrounded by so many differnet ethnic groups, how can you not?.. i mean.. look at AMERICA!!!

i was reading about the chu state on these forums.. and someone was writing about the surname of the chu kings to be "xiong"... and i know that the surname xiong is a hmong lastname... but then again.. it could totally be irrelevant due to romanized alphabets and all....

the history of the hmong people are passed down through oral storytelling... i did say storytelling, meaning probably not 100% true. my aunt use to tell me stories... and boy.. were they adventurous! there isn't a writing sytem to keep track of history. a lot of the cultures of the world that has been preserved had some sort of writing system to keep track of their history. though the hmong people had a vast and long history in china (and possibly before China)... nothing concrete was found to be written by the hmong people themselves.. a lot of things i've ever read about was from chinese scholars and chinese historians.. (no offense to the chinese)... was there once a writing system for us? maybe... but there are too many stories behind that as well...

though the hmong people are not chinese.. i think that they have a lot in common.... we did fight each other for ages... but not just that... we do share some of the same vocabulary (I have watched my share of chinese movies with subtitles, and sometimes i am floored by the same words used in chinese as in hmong!)... but chances are, they were borrowed by each other...the hmong people of laos and thailand have also adapted a lot of the lao and thai words to make it hmong as well... and also in america... but then most people in the world would do that as well for lack of correct pronounciation...

there's other things on my mind... but as of this very moment.. my brain has taken a nap...

all in all.. though i would love to better the knowledge of my people and its complex history... i am content to be where i am now, knowing that i am hmong, and just accept that my people's history was one that was great and couragous, and despite not knowing a lot about our past..... we are still in pursuit of freedom from assimilation, and the vision of independence. (didn't that sound heroic and patriotic)

Following is a list of jokes I noted down after I came here:

- Huang Di was a korean.
- Miao invented chinese characters.
- Chinese started to appear in China.

there is more

you have got to be kidding me

xuanzhong, DearCoolZ, and Suren911 while tnouhmoob views may seem ridiculous to you, they are merely speculation on his part and he has never implied that his beliefs are back with up scientific facts. They're is no reason to get work up on his views after all this thread is about finding what the Hmong are.

No its real as it gets....

here another one.

Hmong people are Korean.
Chai Vang Owns Chuck Norris in a shoot out.

TnouHmoob... is not speculating anything... I myself as a Hmong find it ridiculous
how my own ethnic can actually believe this Bullocks.

therefore their a reason to get work up on it....
Vist Hmongpride.com.... if you do not believe me.

Well I suppose that's true. It's just that I have 20/20 vision with contacts. Perhaps I need a new checkup soon. >_>

hi everyone,

as you can see from my name....I am hmong, or miao as many of you know.
i was born in laos and immigrated to America at a very young age.

this is my first time at this site and i find it very interesting and educational.
i am facinated with many aspects of china........history, literature, business, philosophy, religion, etc.
i am not alone when i say that china considered one of the premier civilizations in the world, if not the
most civilized society in the history of all people.

To me, china is not about being chinese.........but about its great history as a civilization, many cultures, religions, arts, literature,..........these are the things that will make the new china even better than in the past. I hope to learn as much about china as well as learn about my own people's history and heritage......the hmong/miao. I may not be an expert at hmong/miao culture or history........but from my own personal experience and the extensive scholarly readings that i have done.......i hope that i can shed some light on some misconceptions about modern hmong/miao experiences. if there is anything i can answer, please ask. it might take time for me to answer, but i will try my best.

oh yeah.....one other thing......i forgot to read most of the posts..........but, i see a lot of arguing and assumptions being thrown around.

let's try to be mature about the topic please..........

hmong/miao history is complex..........as someone mention that there is no evidence.....mostly "stories" or word of mouth....or you heard it from someone........so on and so forth. Again due to the fact the hmong history has been resorted to mostly oral replications.........important facts tend to get lost in the process. Then, there are components that may be true b/c it makes sense. Finally, looking at history.......and who gets to write it, who determines what gets recorded.........again things get lost in the process.

Basically, history esp hmong history is unclear. Therefore, lets try to be a little more constructive in our analysis.

Welcome to the site comrade... avoid trolling, and ultranationalist Hmong status... and you'll be just fine
Your reason of being here is the same as mine...

and I'm glad their more of us on this site....
Nyoob Zoo.

and welcome to CHF.

I finally got a chance to read a lot of the posts………and several things come to mind:

-What you heard or what you read is not always true

-Hmong people are not war-like barbarians……….they are different, but that does not make them primitive barbarians.

-Uneducated people tend to talk before thinking, therefore make ignorant and stupid comments

-People in general are ignorant, not only Hmong and Chinese

-Ignorance is not always bliss

-For the Hmong Nationalists out there, let go of the past already………..you are not at war with anybody. China is not only about the Han Chinese. China is an idea just like America. Hence the term….”descendents of Chin.” Throughout history, China has been conquered time and again by many groups with different agendas…………I read somewhere that half of China’s Dynasties were not even controlled by ethnic Hans…….but other groups…..i.e. Mongols, Manchus, and others.

-The demise of the Hmong city/states/empires were not racially / ethnically motivated. Rather, it was economically-motivated……………need for land, farming, etc.

-The Hmong/Miao were not the only ethnic group to rebel with the various Dynasties of China. Almost all the 54 other ethnic groups in China rebelled at least once in their history against the Emperor of the time. Over the course of history, there were hundreds of rebellions by other groups………..most notably the Boxer Rebellion and Taiping Rebellion. And these were much much much more devastating in terms of sheer number of deaths. These were headed by Han Chinese.

-Empires must conquer in order to survive. Get over it. The Thai, the Vietnamese, and others were originally from China, but they were also pushed out. Are they complaining…………..move on, gotta make the best of the situation.

-The demise of the Hmong were attributed to many many many things. Betrayal is only ONE of them. If you did your homework, you will see that there are many other factors that come into play. That does not define us as a people.

-Hmong people are strong-willed, independent, and patriotic. Yes, all ethnic groups and people in the world are like that. The flips side of patriotism is that it can lead to war and death. Do we want that? In this day and age…..NO.

-Be proud of who you are and where you come from. Read your history, do your research, and get the facts straight.

Thanks Miaohong for the info, I found an interesting site(sorry it's in chinese), it seems that Chinese emeperors also hornoured Chi You, Han emperor named Chi you as god of war. As miao is now part of chinese people, Chi You is now hornoured as one of the Chienese ancestors as well.

BTW, do chinese miao's want themself to be called miao or hmong ?
I read on www.hmonpride.com that Chinese miao's seem to like to be called miao, but other ppl say otherwise. I have no idea, to me, miao doesn't have any negative meaning, it's just a name, if they want to be called hmong, it's no problem.

http://www.guoxue.com/study/mingzhustudy/allmz/mz_ciyou.htm

Thank you Comrade.... If only our own community wasn't so egocentric
and understand the concecpt of survival of the fittess... **whisper** if you know what I mean.



I do not believe or think that the Miao from the Southern Chinese province really care if you call them Miao or Hmong.... but far as my research goes.... the Miao does not believe that it is a racial term.
as you stated its just a ethnic name

while the Hmong in the U.S. believe its a degrading name formed by the chinese to degrade our people as so the claim **whisper*Hmong Nationalist.

OK thanks

As to what we Hmong/Miao want to be called..........it doesn't matter to me. A name is only a name. Each person has the right to define who they are as a person or a group.

From what I've heard the name Miao started as a derogeratory term. I heard that it means something like "wild weeds, grass, plants" the kind that if you kill it off it can never die off.
Language and history can be quite tricky..............as I know that the name Miao existed since the San-Miao era. Perhaps the conotation to "wild grass, weeds"..........came after..........i don't know.

If that meaning is correct..........I would be proud to be known as Miao b/c it has come to stand for persistance, defiance, and freedom.

Personally, I don't like the name Hmong.............I was never clear on its origins, but I know that is what we call ourselves. I hear people say it means "free men" in our language........but there hasn't been any concrete research done into that................everybody just says that it does.

I want to address someone's comment above about hmong and being conquered and "survival of the fittest." I want to say that Hmong/Miao people have a history of strength, defiance, and have survived more so than many other groups that have died off, or been integrated into other larger groups. Hmong/Miao people still have an identity, culture, language, etc.......this after thousands of years of defiance and destruction..........only to rise back up. In reading Miao/Hmong history...........several things come to mind..........we are forever survivalists. Differences in subgroups of Hmong/Miao are largely due to geogrpahic locations and individual clans.


The Miao/Hmong community is not egocentric and Nationalistic as someone mentioned.
I think that we are a peace-loving people who places great importance on family, culture/customs, religion, and the preservaton of our people and heritage. Our ancestors are proud, independant, and defiant................ Proud during times of peace, Independant in Thought and Identity, and Defiant when provoked.

Actually miao is not weed, miao is used to describe good plants like wheat, rice, tree etc, plants that are good. Weed is called cao in chinese.

I never said that our ethnic was conquer in any matter... but we have come to fail in survival of the fittest...
Divided, fighting amongst one another... the strive for power in indochina?.... its more to say that we loss
countless battle, men and morale....

and yet to this day even our comrades still behind LPDR line are striving for their lives... Being hunted down like animals... in a morale consent I do believe **in my own opinion**

We have loss in this survival of the fittess...
But again I stand correct for your statement... can't disagree to agree.





Are you certain?... I been to countless community in the states... and I have not seen anything
beside baffle idiocy amongst the youth and even elders.... egocentric... I need not lie... when its right their infront of me...

I'd have to disagree with your statement. If any one ethnic group thoughout history has survived adveristy of the nth degree, it is our Hmong people. We have survived thousands and thousands of years of war, famine and migration to get to where we are at right now. We have been beaten, battered, stripped of our identity and left for dead many times before, yet we did not choose to die, we got up, picked up and continued on. You and I and our families are 8000 miles away from the nucleus of our cultural roots, yet we are still able to speak our own language, observe our own traditions and continue to live our way of life in this ever-changing ever-growing society. After all that has happened in our people's history, we are still able to proclaim ourselves as Hmong... that in itself is a great feat worthy of the highest honors.

The Miao and Hmong are the same. Mong is a term used by the Blue or Green Hmong, a large branch within the Hmong/Miao. Meng---hum, I haven't heard of that one, but there is a group called Mien (also known as Yao), an ethnic minority people in China, Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos. There is another group called 'Mon' who are totally different from the Hmong/Miao. The Mons are a people of Burma who are still battling wars with the Burmese Army after their peaceful kingdom was taken over by their new inhabitants, the Burmese people. The term Hmong and the term Miao...which came first? Why are all the Hmong in the world called Hmong but those in China? Did those who flee change their name for protection of their identity or did the ones who stayed and endured persecution accepted a derogative term that they have grown accustomed to? I am a Hmong American. I refer to the Miao in China as Hmong Chinese just like anyone else here would.

In response to the second part, the Hmong/Miao in Vietnam did not support the United State's fight against the Viet Cong. It was the Hmong/Miao of Laos who supported the US, thus the evacuation of them to the states after the Americans pulled back. Most were sponsored to the US after they successfully escaped to Thailand through border crossings of the Mekong River which separates Thailand and Laos.

They were excellent mountain fighters because they lived in the jungles. I do not know that the Miao in Vietnam were necessarily looked down by the Vietnamese...it depends on what group of Vietnamese (south or north) you are referring to. There are about 350,000 Hmong/Miao in Vietnam and they have migrated there from China for hundreds of years. A few Hmong leaders who sided with General Vang Pao (U.S. side) left to partner with the Viet Congs during the Vietnam War. The Hmong/Miao was never reluctant to fight. They were the guys in the front lines and too many of them died during this Vietnam War and also another important war which concurrently happened at the same time- "The Secret War of Laos," which many are not aware of. This was a little secret that wasn't intended for the world to know, but piles of books are written about it now.

I am beginning to learn a lot about the Hmong/Miao living diversely in this entire world. There are perhaps over 10 million of them scattered on this planet, some probably so immersed into other nationalities that they don't call themselves Hmong/Miao anymore. Relating the histories of the Native Americans in America, the Mons stranded in Thailand, the Karens loosing their fight for a nation, the Cambodians who are slowly rising from their tragic history, the Thai trying to balance their government after just centuries and centuries of warfare, China developing itself and looking beyond the countless decades of fighting in themselves and with others, Korea having been split, oh gosh...the list just goes on about the sadness of wars on this planet and its effects on people generations to come....but the Hmong/Miao...we have endured a lot for a long long time. 5,000 years? Can you even begin to comprehend the threads of warfare whithin such a long time? You are right. We as a people "...have been beaten, battered, stripped of our identity, and left for dead many times before, yet we did not choose to die." Hmong are still being persecuted in Laos and Thailand. We read about them in the news everyday and we are so helpless. We read about ourselves in history thousands of years ago in China and we are just stunned. The more you read about us, and the more you learn about the things that have happened to the human race (inflicted upon each other by one another), it makes you extremely concerned about the future of the world. Why are people so vicious? Why can't we be more peaceful? Only the fittest will survive because we make it that way. It doesn't have to be that way. Being such intelligent human beings, what can we do to shape this thing call "Natural Selection" for the better?

This is very good to know. I have been trying to find a meaning for what is Miao.

You have a very good question. As far as the origin is concerned, there are many theories that I pasted her from the Hmong Culture Center Website which is put together by Dr. Mark Pfeiffer. There is no question that the Hmong are from China where the majority of them still reside there (and referred to as the Miao). It is believed they existed there before the Chinese because in historical chinese records, there is a definite indication of a people having already occupied the regions alongside the Yellow River. The Hmong could have been elsewhere before moving onto this space, but without actual wrtten records, it is difficult to prove.

Here are the four theories on the origin of the Hmong/Miao...

1. Theory of Mesopotemian Origin: This theory holds that Hmong people originated in the Mesopotemia region which encompasses present-day Iraq and Syria in the Middle East. This theory was introduced by Savina, a French Catholic Missionary who studied Hmong culture and history in Laos and Vietnam. After several years of research, Savina argued that the ancestors of the Hmong were a subgroup of the Turanians, an ethnic group forced out of the region by the Aryans. According to this theory, the ancestors of the Hmong then migrated from central Asia through Turkestan, Russia, Siberia, Mongolia, Manchuria, Honan, Tibet, and the plains of Yellow River.

2. Theory of Ultimate Southern Origin: This theory was advanced by Eickstedt, an expert on Hmong history. This theory holds that the Hmong originated in southwestern China or present-day Myanmar (Burma) and Tibet before migrating further into China as far north as the Yellow River.

3. The Theory of China Origin: Many experts on Hmong history argue that the Hmong were in China before the Chinese because it is the Chinese who mention the Hmong in their history as the "Miao". The Hmong had already occupied the Yellow River basin by the twenty-seventh century B.C. The historian Geddes estimates that the Hmong were driven off the plains of the Yellow River between 2700 and 2300 B.C. The theory of China origin probably has the most support among historians.

4. The Theory of Russian Origin: The theory of Russian origin was advanced by Larteguy who researched the Hmong in Southeast Asia in the 1950s. Larteguy argued that the Hmong at one time had occupied the huge Siberian plain around Lake Baikal located in Russia north of Mongolia.

When you find that out, please do inform me at shoualee24@hotmail.com. I have read in too many articles about the term Miao considered offensive, but none of those articles ever explain why that is. The term seems to be embraced and greatly accepted in China.

Try to hold back any offensive thoughts to your own mind. Ignorance kills, you know. It's what has happened to the human race ever since men came upon this Earth. I have two cousins with blonde hair (one with extremely blonde hair and ocean blue eyes, the other with a darker shade of blonde and very light brown eyes). They are not the only two Hmongs with blonde hair. There is nothing wrong with people with unique features.

Are you guys/gals talking about the bluish/greenish spot that little babies get when they are born? If yes, another question is, don't all babies have these spots? I have one on my lower back which is still there since I was born. I have freinds who thought it was a tatoo. What causes these spots to appear on babies' skin and why does it disappear with age or why doesn't it? This is gotta be a good biology question for my boyfriend.

Very well written. Overall, I liked your tone. It seemed as though you summarized all of the important questions, concerens, interests posted by people here for this particular thread. My feelings are similar to yours in regards to self-identity, cultural adaptation, and our history. More researches will come our way with the newly developed Center for Hmong Studies at Concordia University, the Southeast Asian Education Progam at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, the Hmong Program at the University of Minnesota along with so many other Anthropology and Ethnic Studies in America and abroad including developing programs for Hmong Studies in China's Xiangtan University.