I was searching for info on the net, and found this excellent article by Cao Cao on China-defense.com:
http://www.china-defense.com/history/1644/1644-1.htmlFortunately, one doesn't have to be a registered member of that forum to read the articles (although Cao Cao's seems to be the only one on pre-modern military history).
Especially relevant is this passage:
QUOTE
Counting on exact numbers, the eight banners yield 60,000 Manchu regulars. Possibly, there's a similar number of reservists, men too young or too old to fight. However, for campaigns out of their homeland, the Manchus rarely commit a large percentage of their main forces. When Nurhaci was fighting for his newborn state's survival in 1619, and when Huang Taiji fought the crucial Battle of Songshan, on each occasion the Manchu had at most 60,000 troops. Because of the numerical weakness of the Manchu state, therefore the Manchus relied heavily on Han and Mongol troops. Shang Kexi, Kong Youde, Geng Jimao, and other Liaodong militants probably offer the Manchus around 20,000 Han troops. Some of them are cavalry and infantry armed with matchlocks, but the most important gift to the Manchus were Han artillerymen. From the subjugated Mongols, the Manchus probably can call on 20,000 to 30,000 horsemen. So in 1644, the Manchurian kingdom can probably call on a total force of nearly 180,000 soldiers, and using the 1/3 rule (only 1/3 of the forces are readily available, the other 2/3 in training or off-duty), Dorgon probably led a force of 60,000 Manchu, Han, and Mongol combined arms force.
It must be remember that even though the Manchus were tough horse-mounted soldiers, they differ from the Mongol hordes, who are truly nomadic people. Unlike the Mongols, who relied on a herd-raising economy, the Manchus, like their Nuzhen ancestors, were much more sedentary. True, the Manchus are herd-raisers, but they are also part-time fishers, subsistence farmers, and miners. Even before Nurhaci's time, Manchus live in semi-fortified villages and hamlets, where they can trade farm goods, ginseng, and precious metals with themselves and outsiders. Perhaps, this is a reason why many would argue that the Mongols were hardier horsemen than the Manchus. It was no exaggeration that while the Manchus relied on the Han Chinese for manpower and firepower, they also relied on the Mongols for hard-hitting mobility.